Satellite-Based Quantum Key Distribution in the Presence of Bypass Channels

The security of prepare-and-measure satellite-based quantum key distribution (QKD), under restricted eavesdropping scenarios, is addressed. We particularly consider cases where the eavesdropper, Eve, has limited access to the transmitted signal by Alice and/or Bob’s receiver station. This restriction is modeled by lossy channels between relevant parties, where the transmissivity of such channels can, in principle, be bounded by monitoring techniques. An artifact of such lossy channels is the possibility of having bypass channels, those that are not accessible to Eve but that may not necessarily be characterized by the users either. This creates interesting unexplored scenarios for analyzing QKD security. In this paper, we obtain generic bounds on the key rate in the presence of bypass channels and apply them to continuous-variable QKD protocols with Gaussian encoding with direct and reverse reconciliation. We find regimes of operation in which the above restrictions on Eve can considerably improve system performance. We also develop customized bounds for several protocols in the BB84 family and show that, in certain regimes, even the simple protocol of BB84 with weak coherent pulses is able to offer positive key rates at high channel losses, which would otherwise be impossible under an unrestricted Eve. In this case, the limitation on Eve would allow Alice to send signals with larger intensities than the optimal value under an ideal Eve, which effectively reduces the effective channel loss. In all these cases, the part of the transmitted signal that does not reach Eve can play a nontrivial role in specifying the achievable key rate. Our work opens up new security frameworks for spaceborne quantum communications systems.10 MoreReceived 20 December 2022Revised 28 April 2023Accepted 25 September 2023DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.040320Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.Published by the American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasQuantum communication, protocols & technologyQuantum Information, Science & Technology