Skeleton extraction and pose estimation of piglets using ZS-DLC-PAF

The accurate identification of various postures in the daily life of piglets that are directly reflected by their skeleton morphology is necessary to study the behavioral characteristics of pigs. Accordingly, this study proposed a novel approach for the skeleton extraction and pose estimation of piglets. First, an improved Zhang-Suen (ZS) thinning algorithm based on morphology was used to establish the chain code mechanism of the burr and the redundant information deletion templates to achieve a single-pixel width extraction of pig skeletons. Then, body nodes were extracted on the basis of the improved DeepLabCut (DLC) algorithm, and a part affinity field (PAF) was added to realize the connection of body nodes, and consequently, construct a database of pig behavior and postures. Finally, a support vector machine was used for pose matching to recognize the main behavior of piglets. In this study, 14 000 images of piglets with different types of behavior were used in posture recognition experiments. Results showed that the improved algorithm based on ZS-DLC-PAF achieved the best thinning rate compared with those of distance transformation, medial axis transformation, morphology refinement, and the traditional ZS algorithm. The node tracking accuracy reached 85.08%, and the pressure test could accurately detect up to 35 nodes of 5 pigs. The average accuracy of posture matching was 89.60%. This study not only realized the single-pixel extraction of piglets’ skeletons but also the connection among the different behavior body nodes of individual sows and multiple piglets. Furthermore, this study established a database of pig posture behavior, which provides a reference for studying animal behavior identification and classification and anomaly detection. Keywords: piglets, skeleton extraction, pose estimation, Zhang-Suen, DeepLabCut, Part affinity field DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20231603.6930 Citation: Liu C Q, Ye H J, Lu S H, Tang Z, Bai Z, Diao L, et al. Skeleton extraction and pose estimation of piglets using ZS-DLC-PAF. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2023; 16(3): 180–193.