How to: a practical guide to cardiac conduction devices on chest radiograph

Abstract With the increasing number of cardiac conduction devices (CCDs) insertions with various complexities in recent decades, it is crucial for clinicians (especially internal medicine residents and cardiologists) to have an up-to-date review of the current devices on chest radiograph. Chest X-ray remains the most cost-effective and accessible imaging modality to assess the device position and its associated complications, not only immediately after insertion but also during the follow-up visit as outpatient. Various types of CCDs such as permanent pacemaker, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT, CRT with defibrillation or pacing) with their appearances on chest radiograph and possible complications with a step-by-step guide to how to assess are discussed in this article.