The bacterial small RNAs: The new biomarkers of oral microbiota-associated cancers and diseases

The oral microbiota is a vital part of the human microbiota that functions in various physiological processes and is highly relevant to cancers and other diseases. With the alterations of host immune competence, the homeostatic balance existing between the oral microbiota and host may be disturbed and result in the development of diseases. Numerous observations have suggested that small RNAs are key regulators of bacterial pathogenesis and bacteria-host interactions. Further, bacterial small RNAs are considered to be promising biomarkers for the development of novel, and efficacious therapies for oral dysbiosis. Mechanistic insights into how oral pathogens communicate with other bacteria or host cells in oral cancers via small RNAs are hot topics of research. Current studies also have begun to elucidate the key role of oral microbiota in the development of systemic diseases. This article discusses existing findings and nascent mechanisms governing the small RNA-based interactions between oral microbiota and associated diseases. The knowledge of such interactions is key in planning approaches to reverse dysbiosis to achieve health.