Taxonomy, biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography of Strenuaeva (Trilobita) from the Marianian (Cambrian Series 2) of Iberia

Problems surrounding the identification and systematics of taxa belonging to the trilobite family Ellipsocephalidae have been discussed for several decades. The ellipsocephalid genus Strenuaeva is revised herein on the basis of material from Spain, including the type material of the identified species together with newly collected specimens from the Ossa-Morena Zone and the Iberian Chains. Two species are recognized as valid for these regions: S. sampelayoi and S. incondita. The species ‘S. melendezi’ and ‘Ellipsostrenua alanisiana’ from Spain, as well as ‘S. marocana’ from Morocco, are considered junior synonyms of S. sampelayoi. Previous assignment of the Spanish species to Issafeniella is rejected. The abundant available material of S. sampelayoi made it possible to evaluate the taphonomical role in the preservation of some characters and to recognize intraspecific variability similar to that described in S. inflata from Baltica, reinforcing its assignment to Strenuaeva. Biostratigraphically, Strenuaeva ranges from uppermost Cambrian Stage 3 to uppermost Cambrian Stage 4. In Iberia, it is restricted to the middle Marianian in the Ossa-Morena Zone, whereas it is known from the lowermost middle Marianian to the lowermost upper Marianian in the Iberian Chains. Strenuaeva is known from Baltica (Scandinavia and Holy Cross Mountains, Poland), Iberia (Spain), Morocco and, possibly, western Avalonia (Newfoundland), hence being a characteristic genus of the Acadobaltic faunal Province.