Morphometric Analyses of Greek Caves: How Morphology Predicts Cave Origin

Two of the most well-known caves of northern Greece, Petralona and Maaras, were morphometrically analyzed. They were strategically chosen for this morphometric study because they represent caves formed by different speleogenetic factors, resulting in patterns that clearly discriminate them from each other. Caves can display substantial variation in their patterns, depending on the local geology, hydrogeology, tectonics, and other factors. These qualitative parameters of speleogenesis, such as geological and hydrogeological controls, can be reflected in a cave’s pattern. The different speleogenetic factors that create the patterns of the caves can be expressed in the mathematical indices, designating them as morphometrical tools for properly discriminating the two cave patterns. Petralona Cave falls into the category of a ramiform cave pattern. The cave’s hypogenic origin is also supported by meso-scale cave morphology, and the hydrothermal activity of the surrounding area. On the other hand, Maaras Cave has a typical underground river pattern. The horizontal patterns of the two caves were morphometrically scrutinized using Euclidean and fractal geometry.