Greece has a large number of critical and strategic metal resources. The proven and indicated reserves of aluminum amount to 2.5 mt and their gross value €5.075 b. Those of chromium amount to 1.2 mt with gross value €4.320 b, while of cobalt are 129 th. t with gross value €3.348 b. The proven and indicated reserves of copper from Chalkidiki and Kilkis areas are approximately 3.04 mt and their gross value €24.776 b, while those of manganese are 2.25 mt with gross value €5.400 b. Molybdenum has been located in Pigi Kilkis with indicated reserves of about 7.7 th. t and gross value €326 m. Under mining are the vein type magnesite deposits of Gerakini Chalkidiki and North Evia. The total reserves (proven + indicated) of magnesite are 280 mt and their gross value €9.800 b. The most important lateritic Fe-Ni-bearing ores are those of Evia Island, Agios Ioannis Viotia, Lokrida Fthiotida, Mesopotamia and Ieropigi Kastoria. The proven and indicated reserves of nickel are 1.39 mt and their gross value €22.240 b. The Rizana/Lachanas porphyry-epithermal antimony deposit is considered the most important stibnite ore. The proven and indicated reserves of stibnite are at least 100 th. t with an average Sb content of 0.3 wt%. Copper, chromium, and cobalt present good prospects for mining. Platinum group metals (PGMs), with economic interest, are contained in the porphyry Cu deposits of Skouries Chalkidiki. Strymonikos Gulf, together with the neighboring coastal and submarine sands, is the most probable area for locating exploitable rare earth metals (REMs). There are excellent investment opportunities in the exploration and mining of Bi, Te, Ga, Ge, and In metals. The deposits of other critical and strategic metals of Greece should be adequately assessed.
{"title":"Critical and Strategic Metal Resources of Greece","authors":"A. Tsirambides, A. Filippidis","doi":"10.12681/bgsg.37171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.37171","url":null,"abstract":"Greece has a large number of critical and strategic metal resources. The proven and indicated reserves of aluminum amount to 2.5 mt and their gross value €5.075 b. Those of chromium amount to 1.2 mt with gross value €4.320 b, while of cobalt are 129 th. t with gross value €3.348 b. The proven and indicated reserves of copper from Chalkidiki and Kilkis areas are approximately 3.04 mt and their gross value €24.776 b, while those of manganese are 2.25 mt with gross value €5.400 b. Molybdenum has been located in Pigi Kilkis with indicated reserves of about 7.7 th. t and gross value €326 m. Under mining are the vein type magnesite deposits of Gerakini Chalkidiki and North Evia. The total reserves (proven + indicated) of magnesite are 280 mt and their gross value €9.800 b. The most important lateritic Fe-Ni-bearing ores are those of Evia Island, Agios Ioannis Viotia, Lokrida Fthiotida, Mesopotamia and Ieropigi Kastoria. The proven and indicated reserves of nickel are 1.39 mt and their gross value €22.240 b. The Rizana/Lachanas porphyry-epithermal antimony deposit is considered the most important stibnite ore. The proven and indicated reserves of stibnite are at least 100 th. t with an average Sb content of 0.3 wt%. Copper, chromium, and cobalt present good prospects for mining. Platinum group metals (PGMs), with economic interest, are contained in the porphyry Cu deposits of Skouries Chalkidiki. Strymonikos Gulf, together with the neighboring coastal and submarine sands, is the most probable area for locating exploitable rare earth metals (REMs). There are excellent investment opportunities in the exploration and mining of Bi, Te, Ga, Ge, and In metals. The deposits of other critical and strategic metals of Greece should be adequately assessed.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":" 32","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141824029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In January 2004 a Mediterranean cyclone in the Aegean Sea seriously affected the north coast of Samos Island, damaged the harbour mole of a coastal village, and catapulted its building material along with heavy boulders to the inner harbour basin. This area was also affected by a 2020, magnitude 7.0 earthquake which produced localized tsunamis. The evidence from the 2004 cyclone, with boulders shifted from known positions and with known trajectories, can contribute to the debate for the causes of mobilization of coastal boulders because of storms, tsunamis, or their combination.
{"title":"Tsunamis versus extreme meteorological waves: Evidence from the 2004 Aegean Sea cyclone in Samos Island","authors":"S. Stiros","doi":"10.12681/bgsg.36598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.36598","url":null,"abstract":"In January 2004 a Mediterranean cyclone in the Aegean Sea seriously affected the north coast of Samos Island, damaged the harbour mole of a coastal village, and catapulted its building material along with heavy boulders to the inner harbour basin. This area was also affected by a 2020, magnitude 7.0 earthquake which produced localized tsunamis. The evidence from the 2004 cyclone, with boulders shifted from known positions and with known trajectories, can contribute to the debate for the causes of mobilization of coastal boulders because of storms, tsunamis, or their combination.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":" 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141827203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despoina Dora, Georgios Lazaridis, Konstantinos Vouvalidis, Konstantinos Tokmakidis, George Veni
Two of the most well-known caves of northern Greece, Petralona and Maaras, were morphometrically analyzed. They were strategically chosen for this morphometric study because they represent caves formed by different speleogenetic factors, resulting in patterns that clearly discriminate them from each other. Caves can display substantial variation in their patterns, depending on the local geology, hydrogeology, tectonics, and other factors. These qualitative parameters of speleogenesis, such as geological and hydrogeological controls, can be reflected in a cave’s pattern. The different speleogenetic factors that create the patterns of the caves can be expressed in the mathematical indices, designating them as morphometrical tools for properly discriminating the two cave patterns. Petralona Cave falls into the category of a ramiform cave pattern. The cave’s hypogenic origin is also supported by meso-scale cave morphology, and the hydrothermal activity of the surrounding area. On the other hand, Maaras Cave has a typical underground river pattern. The horizontal patterns of the two caves were morphometrically scrutinized using Euclidean and fractal geometry.
{"title":"Morphometric Analyses of Greek Caves: How Morphology Predicts Cave Origin","authors":"Despoina Dora, Georgios Lazaridis, Konstantinos Vouvalidis, Konstantinos Tokmakidis, George Veni","doi":"10.12681/bgsg.34887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.34887","url":null,"abstract":"Two of the most well-known caves of northern Greece, Petralona and Maaras, were morphometrically analyzed. They were strategically chosen for this morphometric study because they represent caves formed by different speleogenetic factors, resulting in patterns that clearly discriminate them from each other. Caves can display substantial variation in their patterns, depending on the local geology, hydrogeology, tectonics, and other factors. These qualitative parameters of speleogenesis, such as geological and hydrogeological controls, can be reflected in a cave’s pattern. The different speleogenetic factors that create the patterns of the caves can be expressed in the mathematical indices, designating them as morphometrical tools for properly discriminating the two cave patterns. Petralona Cave falls into the category of a ramiform cave pattern. The cave’s hypogenic origin is also supported by meso-scale cave morphology, and the hydrothermal activity of the surrounding area. On the other hand, Maaras Cave has a typical underground river pattern. The horizontal patterns of the two caves were morphometrically scrutinized using Euclidean and fractal geometry.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"2000 14","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135637008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Krystalia Chitoglou, L. Pandolfi, Dimitris D. Kostopoulos
Pliocene rhinoceros’ bearing fossiliferous localities are very limited in Greece. The rhinocerotid from the locality of Allatini, near Thessaloniki presented here, has long been cited in the literature but has never been studied in detail up to now. This taxon is represented by a single specimen, a radius of a sub adult individual, which is herein studied in detail to clarify its systematic position. Both morphological and metrical data suggest its assignment to the genus Pliorhinus, and more specifically to the species P. megarhinus. Pliorhinus megarhinus thrived in Eurasia from the latest Miocene to the Late Pliocene, however its records are restricted so far to a few localities, mainly in Italy and France. This is the first known occurrence of Pliorhinus in Greece resulting a slight enrichment of the local and European Pliocene Rinocerotidae record.
{"title":"First occurrence of Pliorhinus cf. megarhinus (Perrissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) in Greece","authors":"Krystalia Chitoglou, L. Pandolfi, Dimitris D. Kostopoulos","doi":"10.12681/bgsg.33711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.33711","url":null,"abstract":"Pliocene rhinoceros’ bearing fossiliferous localities are very limited in Greece. The rhinocerotid from the locality of Allatini, near Thessaloniki presented here, has long been cited in the literature but has never been studied in detail up to now. This taxon is represented by a single specimen, a radius of a sub adult individual, which is herein studied in detail to clarify its systematic position. Both morphological and metrical data suggest its assignment to the genus Pliorhinus, and more specifically to the species P. megarhinus. Pliorhinus megarhinus thrived in Eurasia from the latest Miocene to the Late Pliocene, however its records are restricted so far to a few localities, mainly in Italy and France. This is the first known occurrence of Pliorhinus in Greece resulting a slight enrichment of the local and European Pliocene Rinocerotidae record.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80393983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Sykioti, A. Ganas, C. Vasilatos, Zacharenia Kypritidou
During the last decades, the rapid progress of remote sensing data processing for their utilization in detecting locations of possible sites linked to hydrothermal alteration and ores has gained increasing attention due to significant time and cost savings. In this study, we present the findings of a joint remote sensing and laboratory examination of a mineralization zone induced by a granitoid intrusion onshore the islet of “Koutala”, in Lavreotiki, central Greece. Our objective is to investigate the potential of Sentinel-2 and WorldView-3 VNIR satellite data to detect and map oxidized ore zones and alteration minerals that are detected from laboratory analysis of samples and could be linked to Fe-Mn mineralization. Two approaches are followed, namely reflectance spectroscopy and spectral indices. In reflectance spectroscopy, the spectral signatures of all minerals detected in the study area are retrieved from spectral libraries. The signatures are resampled to Sentinel-2 and to WorldView-3 VNIR spectral bands. Continuum-removal is then applied and the diagnostic absorption features of each mineral are detected for each spectral band configuration. The dataset with the best spectral configuration for mineral detection is then used for the production of mineral maps using the corresponding satellite image. The second approach involves the calculation of spectral indices, namely ferric, ferrous iron and hydroxyl-bearing alteration, on reflectance spectra. The ferric iron index is applied to both satellite datasets while the two other indices require the use of SWIR bands and therefore, they can be only calculated on Sentinel-2 data. All results show that laboratory and satellite data analyses results are consistent and complementary. WorldView-3 VNIR data seem to be sensitive only to the ferric and manganese phase. Sentinel-2 data seem to be capable to detect and map all alteration minerals that are potentially linked to Fe-Mn ore, including both ferric and ferrous phases. The mineral absorption and spectral indices maps show that in the investigated area, there is significant mineralization related to the granitoid intrusion. Hydrothermal alteration is observed on the entire surface of the islet but it seems to be stronger at the eastern part of the islet where the granitoid/schist contact is located. It is the first time that (i) minerals linked to a potential Fe-Mn ore are detected on the islet and (b) the corresponding alteration mineral maps are produced from satellite data, revealing their spatial distribution and providing indirect estimations of the degree of their presence.
{"title":"Investigating the capability of Sentinel-2 and Worldview-3 VNIR satellite data to detect mineralized zones at an igneous intrusion in the Koutala islet (Lavreotiki, Greece) using laboratory mineralogical analysis, reflectance spectroscopy and spectral indices","authors":"O. Sykioti, A. Ganas, C. Vasilatos, Zacharenia Kypritidou","doi":"10.12681/bgsg.31982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.31982","url":null,"abstract":"During the last decades, the rapid progress of remote sensing data processing for their utilization in detecting locations of possible sites linked to hydrothermal alteration and ores has gained increasing attention due to significant time and cost savings. In this study, we present the findings of a joint remote sensing and laboratory examination of a mineralization zone induced by a granitoid intrusion onshore the islet of “Koutala”, in Lavreotiki, central Greece. Our objective is to investigate the potential of Sentinel-2 and WorldView-3 VNIR satellite data to detect and map oxidized ore zones and alteration minerals that are detected from laboratory analysis of samples and could be linked to Fe-Mn mineralization. Two approaches are followed, namely reflectance spectroscopy and spectral indices. In reflectance spectroscopy, the spectral signatures of all minerals detected in the study area are retrieved from spectral libraries. The signatures are resampled to Sentinel-2 and to WorldView-3 VNIR spectral bands. Continuum-removal is then applied and the diagnostic absorption features of each mineral are detected for each spectral band configuration. The dataset with the best spectral configuration for mineral detection is then used for the production of mineral maps using the corresponding satellite image. The second approach involves the calculation of spectral indices, namely ferric, ferrous iron and hydroxyl-bearing alteration, on reflectance spectra. The ferric iron index is applied to both satellite datasets while the two other indices require the use of SWIR bands and therefore, they can be only calculated on Sentinel-2 data. All results show that laboratory and satellite data analyses results are consistent and complementary. WorldView-3 VNIR data seem to be sensitive only to the ferric and manganese phase. Sentinel-2 data seem to be capable to detect and map all alteration minerals that are potentially linked to Fe-Mn ore, including both ferric and ferrous phases. The mineral absorption and spectral indices maps show that in the investigated area, there is significant mineralization related to the granitoid intrusion. Hydrothermal alteration is observed on the entire surface of the islet but it seems to be stronger at the eastern part of the islet where the granitoid/schist contact is located. It is the first time that (i) minerals linked to a potential Fe-Mn ore are detected on the islet and (b) the corresponding alteration mineral maps are produced from satellite data, revealing their spatial distribution and providing indirect estimations of the degree of their presence.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"97 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84759725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Aetolia-Akarnanian region, in Western Greece, is considered to be part of a micro-plate in formation, named the Ionian Island-Akarnanian Block (IAB), in the larger-scale Central Mediterranean tectonic context. The IAB accommodates the deformations between the surrounding tectonic structures that are the Corinth Gulf, the Hellenic subduction, the Kefalonia Transform Fault and the Apulian collision. This work presents the first results of a dense temporary seismic survey in the Aetolia-Akarnanian region (from the Amvrakikos Gulf to the Patras Gulf). Our local dense network has been designed in order to avoid gaps and to allow the recording of a major part of the Akarnania seismicity. With a semi-automatic events detection and picking program, we detected more than 15000 events from October 2015 to December 2018. With this important data set we constrained a 1D local velocity model. The comparison with the previous published models shows a possible significant velocity variation inside the region and especially at the Trichonis lake graben. Thanks to our data set and our velocity model, we precisely located 12723 seismic events with magnitude 0 < ML < 4.6, and a magnitude of completeness Mc = 1.0, that represents actually the most important catalogue for the Aetolia-Akarnania. Seismicity highlights specific seismic structures as clusters and a seismic plane below the West of Corinth Gulf that are briefly discussed.
{"title":"MADAM: A temporary seismological survey experiment in Aetolia-Akarnanian region (Western Greece)","authors":"Valentine Lefils, A. Rigo, E. Sokos","doi":"10.12681/bgsg.31714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.31714","url":null,"abstract":"The Aetolia-Akarnanian region, in Western Greece, is considered to be part of a micro-plate in formation, named the Ionian Island-Akarnanian Block (IAB), in the larger-scale Central Mediterranean tectonic context. The IAB accommodates the deformations between the surrounding tectonic structures that are the Corinth Gulf, the Hellenic subduction, the Kefalonia Transform Fault and the Apulian collision. This work presents the first results of a dense temporary seismic survey in the Aetolia-Akarnanian region (from the Amvrakikos Gulf to the Patras Gulf). Our local dense network has been designed in order to avoid gaps and to allow the recording of a major part of the Akarnania seismicity. With a semi-automatic events detection and picking program, we detected more than 15000 events from October 2015 to December 2018. With this important data set we constrained a 1D local velocity model. The comparison with the previous published models shows a possible significant velocity variation inside the region and especially at the Trichonis lake graben. Thanks to our data set and our velocity model, we precisely located 12723 seismic events with magnitude 0 < ML < 4.6, and a magnitude of completeness Mc = 1.0, that represents actually the most important catalogue for the Aetolia-Akarnania. Seismicity highlights specific seismic structures as clusters and a seismic plane below the West of Corinth Gulf that are briefly discussed.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85699830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Periadriatic Foredeep onshore Albania is the only Foredeep basin located in the frontal part of the Albanides orogeny bordering eastward the Adriatic Foreland. The recent neotectonic investigations and previously published ones prove the formation of Periadriatic Foredeep as a dextral pull-apart basin in the Middle Miocene (Serravallian), subsequently to the main folding and thrusting of the Ionian Zone, through the strike-slip faulting mechanism. The two elements that commonly lead to the formation of the Periadriatic Foredeep Pull-apart Basin are the cross-basin strike-slip faults of Drini Bay-Lezha and Vlora-Bishqemi, and the oblique normal faults of Durresi-Frakulla and Preza-Rova-Bishqemi. The infill consists of the Serravallian to Pliocene molasses succession up to 6 km in thickness. The Periadriatic Foredeep Basin is located between the South Adriatic and Tirana Marginal Basins. The development of the Periadriatic Foredeep finally led to the different evolution of both the Periadriatic and Tirana depressions with different structures and mineral resources. The Periadriatic Depression structure is built by an NNW trending narrow anticline and wide syncline lines. From southwest to the northeast, these lines are distinguished: Frakulla-Durresi anticlinal line, Myzeqe syncline, Lushnja-Golem Kavaja anticlinal line, Erzeni i poshtem syncline, and Preza monocline. The Myzeqe and Erzeni i poshtem depocenters are separated by the intrabasinal Mliku-Shkoza high. The Divjaka gas field and Patosi, Marinza, and Kuçova oil fields are well known in the Periadriatic Depression. The Tirana Depression is developed from the Tirana marginal basin eastward bordering the Periadriatic Foredeep. It is characterized by the prevailing continental and shallow-marine Miocene sediments (with coal-bearing fields in Tortonian and Messinian deposits) that formed a wide northeast verging asymmetrical syncline due to the Preza-Rova-Bishqemi backthrust. The Tirana Depression overlies the Kruja Zone substratum to the north of Tirana, and partly, the Ionian Zone substratum to the south of Tirana along its western limb to the east of the Rova anticline backthrust. Deformation of orogenic crust at the Albanides-Adria collision zone during Tertiary occurred and occurs into both levels: i) a basal fold-and-thrust system in the Ionian Zone, that accommodated an increasing amount of SW directed shortening, and ii) a structurally higher system of thrust faulting affecting the overlying structure of the Periadriatic Depression, that underwent a strong structural rearrangement.
{"title":"Periadriatic Foredeep (onshore Albania) Is Developed as Dextral Pull-Apart Basin","authors":"S. Aliaj, A. Mesonjesi","doi":"10.12681/bgsg.31265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.31265","url":null,"abstract":"The Periadriatic Foredeep onshore Albania is the only Foredeep basin located in the frontal part of the Albanides orogeny bordering eastward the Adriatic Foreland. The recent neotectonic investigations and previously published ones prove the formation of Periadriatic Foredeep as a dextral pull-apart basin in the Middle Miocene (Serravallian), subsequently to the main folding and thrusting of the Ionian Zone, through the strike-slip faulting mechanism. The two elements that commonly lead to the formation of the Periadriatic Foredeep Pull-apart Basin are the cross-basin strike-slip faults of Drini Bay-Lezha and Vlora-Bishqemi, and the oblique normal faults of Durresi-Frakulla and Preza-Rova-Bishqemi. The infill consists of the Serravallian to Pliocene molasses succession up to 6 km in thickness. The Periadriatic Foredeep Basin is located between the South Adriatic and Tirana Marginal Basins. The development of the Periadriatic Foredeep finally led to the different evolution of both the Periadriatic and Tirana depressions with different structures and mineral resources. The Periadriatic Depression structure is built by an NNW trending narrow anticline and wide syncline lines. From southwest to the northeast, these lines are distinguished: Frakulla-Durresi anticlinal line, Myzeqe syncline, Lushnja-Golem Kavaja anticlinal line, Erzeni i poshtem syncline, and Preza monocline. The Myzeqe and Erzeni i poshtem depocenters are separated by the intrabasinal Mliku-Shkoza high. The Divjaka gas field and Patosi, Marinza, and Kuçova oil fields are well known in the Periadriatic Depression. The Tirana Depression is developed from the Tirana marginal basin eastward bordering the Periadriatic Foredeep. It is characterized by the prevailing continental and shallow-marine Miocene sediments (with coal-bearing fields in Tortonian and Messinian deposits) that formed a wide northeast verging asymmetrical syncline due to the Preza-Rova-Bishqemi backthrust. The Tirana Depression overlies the Kruja Zone substratum to the north of Tirana, and partly, the Ionian Zone substratum to the south of Tirana along its western limb to the east of the Rova anticline backthrust. Deformation of orogenic crust at the Albanides-Adria collision zone during Tertiary occurred and occurs into both levels: i) a basal fold-and-thrust system in the Ionian Zone, that accommodated an increasing amount of SW directed shortening, and ii) a structurally higher system of thrust faulting affecting the overlying structure of the Periadriatic Depression, that underwent a strong structural rearrangement.\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75296281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An intermediate depth earthquake sequence with an unusually strong aftershock hit Crete in 1810 and was felt in a very broad area. This seismic sequence was believed to have caused a death toll of about 2000-3000 and destroyed a major part of houses in the wider Heraklion area. In this article we present an unpublished note for this earthquake sequence from the memoirs of Frangiskos Limbritis, military and political personality in Crete, and analyze certain other notes from Crete and conclude that the death toll in Heraklion which was mainly affected was of the order of 300 and that structural damage was smaller than what believed in the past and was mostly rapidly repaired, especially in the meizoseismal area which roughly covers the present-day Heraklion prefecture (max intensities VIII-IX).
{"title":"A Note οn the Impacts of the 1810 Seismic Sequence on Crete","authors":"S. Stiros, G. Horsch","doi":"10.12681/bgsg.29122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.29122","url":null,"abstract":"An intermediate depth earthquake sequence with an unusually strong aftershock hit Crete in 1810 and was felt in a very broad area. This seismic sequence was believed to have caused a death toll of about 2000-3000 and destroyed a major part of houses in the wider Heraklion area. In this article we present an unpublished note for this earthquake sequence from the memoirs of Frangiskos Limbritis, military and political personality in Crete, and analyze certain other notes from Crete and conclude that the death toll in Heraklion which was mainly affected was of the order of 300 and that structural damage was smaller than what believed in the past and was mostly rapidly repaired, especially in the meizoseismal area which roughly covers the present-day Heraklion prefecture (max intensities VIII-IX).","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82990762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Every year landslides cause many fatalities and destroy numerous infrastructures around the world. Due to their catastrophic results, scientific research studies are conducted, on a continuous basis, trying to determine the controlling and triggering factors, and to evaluate their contribution-weight to that phenomenon. In this direction, many of these studies use multicriteria decision analysis methods as they are quite effective and can be applied rather quickly. However, a large percentage of the new studies that use these methods, is usually devoted to the analysis of many previous research studies and the validation of their results, which usually leads to serious delays and requires significant resources. In this research, 82 relevant past studies are evaluated, and their results are integrated into a worldwide geospatial database, to present its potential as a decision-making tool, during the landslide susceptibility assessment. As it is revealed the results of its statistical and spatial correlation with the examined region’s prevailing parameters in a geographical information system environment, can provide critical indications- suggestions to a researcher and along with the applicability of the multicriteria decision analysis methods, that contain the use of other experts’ knowledge and experience, to lead to the rapid identification of the most critical landslide causal factors and the initial evaluation of their contribution-weight. These indications accelerate significant the whole process and reduce the risk for possible biased conclusions, which can render the whole method ineffective. Moreover, this study highlights the geodatabase’s potential to incorporate open-access data, from external spatial databases and to use them, during the process of the landslide susceptibility assessment.
{"title":"Introducing a geospatial database and GIS techniques as a decision-making tool for multicriteria decision analysis methods in landslides susceptibility assessment","authors":"C. Nefros, C. Loupasakis","doi":"10.12681/bgsg.29038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.29038","url":null,"abstract":"Every year landslides cause many fatalities and destroy numerous infrastructures around the world. Due to their catastrophic results, scientific research studies are conducted, on a continuous basis, trying to determine the controlling and triggering factors, and to evaluate their contribution-weight to that phenomenon. In this direction, many of these studies use multicriteria decision analysis methods as they are quite effective and can be applied rather quickly. However, a large percentage of the new studies that use these methods, is usually devoted to the analysis of many previous research studies and the validation of their results, which usually leads to serious delays and requires significant resources. In this research, 82 relevant past studies are evaluated, and their results are integrated into a worldwide geospatial database, to present its potential as a decision-making tool, during the landslide susceptibility assessment. As it is revealed the results of its statistical and spatial correlation with the examined region’s prevailing parameters in a geographical information system environment, can provide critical indications- suggestions to a researcher and along with the applicability of the multicriteria decision analysis methods, that contain the use of other experts’ knowledge and experience, to lead to the rapid identification of the most critical landslide causal factors and the initial evaluation of their contribution-weight. These indications accelerate significant the whole process and reduce the risk for possible biased conclusions, which can render the whole method ineffective. Moreover, this study highlights the geodatabase’s potential to incorporate open-access data, from external spatial databases and to use them, during the process of the landslide susceptibility assessment.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"39 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72589387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sofia Adam, Ioannis Athinelis, P. Krassakis, P. Nomikou
The purpose of this particular study is the assessment of landslide susceptibility of Heraklion prefecture area of Crete Island through geospatial analysis in order to present the general susceptibility zonation, so that it may be used as a basis in future extensive and detailed landslide susceptibility research, which will lead to the prevention of possible future landslides. In order to accomplish this task, it is essential to study the geological, geomorphological, geotectonic, hydrological and hydrogeological characteristics of the area, as well as the land use and compare this information with real landslide occurrence data from the study area. Based on this study it became clear that the area is defined by medium to very steep slopes and a geotechnical and geological setting that are extremely favorable for landslides. These reasons, as well as the fact that this prefecture is known to be the most densely populated prefecture of Crete Island created great interest in this area for research of this kind to prevent the loss of human life and the structural damage of properties. In order to study the landslide susceptibility of Heraklion prefecture, firstly, a geodatabase, which includes the landslide inventory, was created. The landslide inventory is consisted of previous landslides, which were collected from related geotechnical reports with all the essential spatial and descriptive information (such as locations and causes of the landslides). Furthermore, the necessary raster and vector data for the geospatial analysis of the area were obtained. Because the landslide susceptibility is a multifactorial problem it was decided to use a relating method to the problem’s nature, which was the methodology of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), as it is a simple and widely used method for similar studies, which makes it a great tool for this introductory study. In addition, this method was implemented in a GIS environment. For the purpose of the study, ten (10) triggering factors that cause landslides were defined, followed by the creation of a landslide susceptibility assessment map of the study area, depending on the influence of each factor. In accordance with this map, the highest susceptibility mostly corresponds to the mountainous regions of the prefecture. Finally, the success evaluation of the landslide susceptibility model was determined based on the frequency of landslide occurrences of the medium, high, and very high susceptibility zones. Consequently, the model was characterized as 90.48% successful, according to bibliography and the landslide inventory.
{"title":"Landslide Susceptibility Assessment of Heraklion Prefecture in Crete, Greece","authors":"Sofia Adam, Ioannis Athinelis, P. Krassakis, P. Nomikou","doi":"10.12681/bgsg.28703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.28703","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this particular study is the assessment of landslide susceptibility of Heraklion prefecture area of Crete Island through geospatial analysis in order to present the general susceptibility zonation, so that it may be used as a basis in future extensive and detailed landslide susceptibility research, which will lead to the prevention of possible future landslides. In order to accomplish this task, it is essential to study the geological, geomorphological, geotectonic, hydrological and hydrogeological characteristics of the area, as well as the land use and compare this information with real landslide occurrence data from the study area. Based on this study it became clear that the area is defined by medium to very steep slopes and a geotechnical and geological setting that are extremely favorable for landslides. These reasons, as well as the fact that this prefecture is known to be the most densely populated prefecture of Crete Island created great interest in this area for research of this kind to prevent the loss of human life and the structural damage of properties. In order to study the landslide susceptibility of Heraklion prefecture, firstly, a geodatabase, which includes the landslide inventory, was created. The landslide inventory is consisted of previous landslides, which were collected from related geotechnical reports with all the essential spatial and descriptive information (such as locations and causes of the landslides). Furthermore, the necessary raster and vector data for the geospatial analysis of the area were obtained. Because the landslide susceptibility is a multifactorial problem it was decided to use a relating method to the problem’s nature, which was the methodology of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), as it is a simple and widely used method for similar studies, which makes it a great tool for this introductory study. In addition, this method was implemented in a GIS environment. For the purpose of the study, ten (10) triggering factors that cause landslides were defined, followed by the creation of a landslide susceptibility assessment map of the study area, depending on the influence of each factor. In accordance with this map, the highest susceptibility mostly corresponds to the mountainous regions of the prefecture. Finally, the success evaluation of the landslide susceptibility model was determined based on the frequency of landslide occurrences of the medium, high, and very high susceptibility zones. Consequently, the model was characterized as 90.48% successful, according to bibliography and the landslide inventory.","PeriodicalId":9519,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81333040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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