Waleed H. Shetaya, Asmaa El-Mekawy, Salwa K. Hassan
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Both annual and daily levels of PM 2.5 were well above the WHO air quality guidelines, with annual averages of c. 37 and 56 µg m −3 , and daily maximums of 165 and 176 µg m −3 , in the urban and industrial areas, respectively. This indicates high probability of PM 2.5 inflicted short- and long-term health risks to the population of Greater Cairo. Health risk modelling indicated that the residents of Greater Cairo are facing high non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks (up to 47 and 28 times the recommended hazard indices, respectively) from the studied 12 metal(loid)s combined. Lead (Pb) was the highest single threat to the health of Greater Cairo residents amounting up to 56% and 83% of the total non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, respectively. Nevertheless, most of the exposure to Pb originated from ingestion rather than inhalation which was marginal. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
大开罗是世界上最大的大都市区之一,但人们对其大气中PM 2.5和负载金属(loid)s的时空趋势及其潜在的健康风险知之甚少。我们在大开罗的一个城市和一个工业地点调查了pm2.5的空气浓度,以及相关的Al、As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Ni、Pb、V和Zn的浓度,时间为一年。统计分析表明,大开罗地区的pm2.5及其化学成分更多地受到土地利用和当地活动的影响,而不是气象条件的影响。pm2.5的年和日水平均远高于世卫组织空气质量指南,城市和工业区的年平均值分别为0.37和56 μ g m - 3,日最大值分别为165和176 μ g m - 3。这表明pm2.5极有可能对大开罗地区人口造成短期和长期健康风险。健康风险模型表明,大开罗地区居民面临的非致癌性和致癌性风险很高(分别高达建议危害指数的47倍和28倍),来自所研究的12种金属(类)。铅(Pb)是对大开罗居民健康的最大单一威胁,分别占总非致癌性和致癌性风险的56%和83%。然而,大部分的铅暴露来自于摄入而不是吸入,这是边缘性的。对于所有元素的组合,以及其他一些单独的元素,吸入是重要的接触途径,但仅是非致癌风险的。对于致癌风险,吸入对总风险的贡献可以忽略不计。
Tempo-Spatial Variability and Health Risks of PM2.5 and Associated Metal(loid)s in Greater Cairo, Egypt
Abstract Greater Cairo is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world, yet the tempo-spatial trends of PM 2.5 and loaded metal(loid)s) in its atmosphere, and their potential health risks, are poorly understood. We investigated the air concentrations of PM 2.5 , and associated Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn, in one urban and one industrial locations within Greater Cairo for one year in each location. Statistical analysis suggested that PM 2.5 and its chemical composition in Greater Cairo are more influenced by land-use and local activities rather than meteorological conditions. Both annual and daily levels of PM 2.5 were well above the WHO air quality guidelines, with annual averages of c. 37 and 56 µg m −3 , and daily maximums of 165 and 176 µg m −3 , in the urban and industrial areas, respectively. This indicates high probability of PM 2.5 inflicted short- and long-term health risks to the population of Greater Cairo. Health risk modelling indicated that the residents of Greater Cairo are facing high non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks (up to 47 and 28 times the recommended hazard indices, respectively) from the studied 12 metal(loid)s combined. Lead (Pb) was the highest single threat to the health of Greater Cairo residents amounting up to 56% and 83% of the total non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, respectively. Nevertheless, most of the exposure to Pb originated from ingestion rather than inhalation which was marginal. For all elements combined, and for some other individual elements, inhalation was a significant route of exposure but only for non-carcinogenic risks. For carcinogenic risks, the contribution of inhalation to the total risk was negligible.
期刊介绍:
It is a multidisciplinary journal focused on global human health consequences of exposure to water pollution in natural and engineered environments. The journal provides a unique platform for scientists in this field to exchange ideas and share information on research for the solution of health effects of exposure to water pollution.
Coverage encompasses Engineering sciences; Biogeochemical sciences; Health sciences; Exposure analysis and Epidemiology; Social sciences and public policy; Mathematical, numerical and statistical methods; Experimental, data collection and data analysis methods and more.
Research topics include local, regional and global water pollution, exposure and health problems; health risk analysis of water pollution, methods of quantification and analysis of risk under uncertainty; aquatic biogeochemical processes in natural and engineered systems and health effects; analysis of pollution, exposure and health data; and more.