Lithium metal anode: Past, present, and future

Over the past three decades, lithium-based batteries have greatly influenced our daily lives. However, their limited energy density poses challenges in meeting growing demand. To increase energy density, lithium metal anode is considered critical. This review systematically examines the history of lithium metal anode development, highlights notable advances in fundamental understandings, materials design, and characterization techniques. Forthcoming opportunities are discussed to promote the practical applications of lithium metal anodes.