When smartphones meet mindful learning: the cluster profiles of passion toward smartphone use, creativity mindsets, and creativity self-efficacy

Based on the advantages of smartphones and the importance of mindful learning, we developed a smartphone-based mindfulness intervention for creativity learning that can be easily implemented in daily life, by which we examined the relationship between personality traits and self-efficacy of creativity. The concerned personal traits included four types of passion towards smartphones and four types of creativity mindsets. Eighty-four college students participated in a ten-day intervention that requested participants to take photos of their surroundings using smartphones with an emphasis on self-determination and knowledge sharing. The results of cluster analysis revealed three distinctive patterns of clusters about creativity self-efficacy, mindsets, and passion, suggesting that creativity self-efficacy can be predicted by creativity growth mindsets and harmonious passion toward smartphones. The profiles of specific traits we identified in this study shed light on how different types of mindsets and passion toward smartphones may influence self-efficacy.