Research Progress of Noninvasive Cardiac Output Monitor (NICOTM) and Hemodynamic Monitor in Neonates

Objective: Hemodynamic monitoring plays a crucial way in guiding the clinical decision-making process for the management of critically ill neonates. Noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring is characterized by continuous, convenient, and accurate assessment, presenting a viable option for implementation in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). This review article summarizes the research advancements made in noninvasive hemodynamic monitoring and electronic cardiometry (EC) applications in neonates, providing valuable reference resource for studies in the field of hemodynamic monitoring. Mechanism: The clinical significance of hemodynamic monitoring in neonates is first introduced and followed by a comprehensive description of both invasive and noninvasive techniques employed in hemodynamic monitoring. Furthermore, the research progress of EC in neonates is discussed, focusing particularly on its feasibility and accuracy. Finally, the application and influencing factors of EC in diverse diseases, encompassing neonatal conditions, are presented. Findings in Brief: Due to the risks associated with invasive cardiac output monitoring, noninvasive or minimally invasive alternative techniques are needed for hemodynamic monitoring. In recent years, noninvasive and minimally invasive techniques, such as ultrasound cardiac output monitor (USCOM) and impedance cardiography have been utilized. EC, as an impedance-based monitoring, facilitates noninvasive and real-time assessment of hemodynamic parameters. The integration of EC enables real-time and continuous monitoring of dynamic changes in cardiac and vascular functions in patients, thereby assisting in clinical evaluation and guiding the clinical decision-making. Conclusion: EC is a noninvasive, highly sensitive, and accurate monitoring technique that holds important guiding significance in clinical practice.