{"title":"土著妇女的巨大力量","authors":"Alejandra Dubcovsky","doi":"10.1353/wmq.2023.a910404","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"The Great Power of Native Women Alejandra Dubcovsky (bio) ACCORDING to a Creek story, a monstrous earthworm once impregnated the wife of a hunter. Feeling betrayed by his wife, the husband wanted to leave her in the woods, but his sisters interceded. They insisted that the pregnant wife be brought home so they could care for her. But their medicine was not enough, for when she gave birth many earthworms came out of her. These creatures burned down her house and killed the sisters helping with the delivery. The earthworms then wreaked havoc throughout the town and finally buried themselves deep in the ground. The story ends with the monstrous earthworms succeeding, for they, and not the women, \"have continued to live there.\"1 This invasive, sexually charged monster targeted Native women as well as their practices—it exploited how Native women cared for pregnancies, how they decided who entered their towns, and how they dealt with foreign or contaminated entities. I thought about that story as I read Elizabeth N. Ellis's important new book, The Great Power of Small Nations, which tackles a similar monster: the European and American colonizers whose dangerous and invasive forces in North America sought to displace Native people and disrupt their practices. She explores the multiple, long, and violent legacies of colonization in the Gulf South by centering the many innovative and unrecognized ways Native peoples dealt with these earthworm-like Europeans. She invokes a world in constant motion, a world of nonpermanent, multinational settlements that fused together and broke apart, incorporated outsiders and migrants, and managed to sustain their nations despite these violent fault lines. Through these Indigenous diplomatic efforts, the Petites Nations of the Gulf South made and remade notions of belonging. Ellis shows the overlapping, intersecting, and yet ultimately unique histories of each of those nations, arguing that the diverse ways they each established their own land claims, governance, and sovereignty must be explored rather than overlooked. The Great Power of Small Nations focuses on the complexities of Indigenous politics and relationships, privileging Native histories and perspectives rather than European anxieties or fantasies. [End Page 740] Ellis's meticulous work thus offers a new reading of Native experiences with and within enslavement. Although there has been an explosion of innovative scholarship on Indian slavery since the publication of Alan Gallay's groundbreaking The Indian Slave Trade in 2002, few have explored the effects of slave raids and raiding on smaller Native nations.2 Ellis carefully reconstructs the complex struggles of the Natchez, Tensas, Tunicas, Yazoos, Chitimachas, Paniouachas, Tawasas, Alabamas, Koroas, and Apalachees, among others, to address the problem of enslavement by encroaching French and English traders as well as raids by the Chickasaw and Upper Creek peoples. While chronicling the general destabilization and violence of slave raids in the Gulf South, The Great Power of Small Nations remains firmly focused on their effects on the Petites Nations, a difficult feat considering the fragmentary and incomplete nature of surviving sources. Ultimately, Ellis finds that Petites Nations' responses to and strategies for addressing slavery could look quite different than those of larger Native nations, and, perhaps more importantly, were not uniform among the small nations she studies. If enslavement created a \"world in chaos\" (83) for some, it could mean safety and security for others. The Tensas and Chitimachas, for example, dealt differently with the rising threat of Indian slavery during the first decades of the eighteenth century. Ellis shows that \"Tensa captives were bought, sold, and gifted to French settlers individually and in small numbers by other Native people\" (82), whereas Chitimachas \"were captured en masse\" (93) by the French as part of their bloody military campaign. Despite being neighbors, the Tensas and Chitimachas experienced enslavement in radically different ways. In the course of exploring Indigenous responses to enslavement, Ellis uncovers a remarkable archive of records revealing Native women's critical place in the story of slavery along the Gulf Coast. For Tensas, women were the main targets of these slave raids, as revealed by their sudden presence in French Louisiana homes and plantations as well as by their noticeable [End Page 741] absence from their own communities. Many of the...","PeriodicalId":51566,"journal":{"name":"WILLIAM AND MARY QUARTERLY","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1000,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"The Great Power of Native Women\",\"authors\":\"Alejandra Dubcovsky\",\"doi\":\"10.1353/wmq.2023.a910404\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"The Great Power of Native Women Alejandra Dubcovsky (bio) ACCORDING to a Creek story, a monstrous earthworm once impregnated the wife of a hunter. Feeling betrayed by his wife, the husband wanted to leave her in the woods, but his sisters interceded. They insisted that the pregnant wife be brought home so they could care for her. But their medicine was not enough, for when she gave birth many earthworms came out of her. These creatures burned down her house and killed the sisters helping with the delivery. The earthworms then wreaked havoc throughout the town and finally buried themselves deep in the ground. The story ends with the monstrous earthworms succeeding, for they, and not the women, \\\"have continued to live there.\\\"1 This invasive, sexually charged monster targeted Native women as well as their practices—it exploited how Native women cared for pregnancies, how they decided who entered their towns, and how they dealt with foreign or contaminated entities. I thought about that story as I read Elizabeth N. Ellis's important new book, The Great Power of Small Nations, which tackles a similar monster: the European and American colonizers whose dangerous and invasive forces in North America sought to displace Native people and disrupt their practices. She explores the multiple, long, and violent legacies of colonization in the Gulf South by centering the many innovative and unrecognized ways Native peoples dealt with these earthworm-like Europeans. She invokes a world in constant motion, a world of nonpermanent, multinational settlements that fused together and broke apart, incorporated outsiders and migrants, and managed to sustain their nations despite these violent fault lines. Through these Indigenous diplomatic efforts, the Petites Nations of the Gulf South made and remade notions of belonging. Ellis shows the overlapping, intersecting, and yet ultimately unique histories of each of those nations, arguing that the diverse ways they each established their own land claims, governance, and sovereignty must be explored rather than overlooked. The Great Power of Small Nations focuses on the complexities of Indigenous politics and relationships, privileging Native histories and perspectives rather than European anxieties or fantasies. [End Page 740] Ellis's meticulous work thus offers a new reading of Native experiences with and within enslavement. Although there has been an explosion of innovative scholarship on Indian slavery since the publication of Alan Gallay's groundbreaking The Indian Slave Trade in 2002, few have explored the effects of slave raids and raiding on smaller Native nations.2 Ellis carefully reconstructs the complex struggles of the Natchez, Tensas, Tunicas, Yazoos, Chitimachas, Paniouachas, Tawasas, Alabamas, Koroas, and Apalachees, among others, to address the problem of enslavement by encroaching French and English traders as well as raids by the Chickasaw and Upper Creek peoples. While chronicling the general destabilization and violence of slave raids in the Gulf South, The Great Power of Small Nations remains firmly focused on their effects on the Petites Nations, a difficult feat considering the fragmentary and incomplete nature of surviving sources. Ultimately, Ellis finds that Petites Nations' responses to and strategies for addressing slavery could look quite different than those of larger Native nations, and, perhaps more importantly, were not uniform among the small nations she studies. If enslavement created a \\\"world in chaos\\\" (83) for some, it could mean safety and security for others. The Tensas and Chitimachas, for example, dealt differently with the rising threat of Indian slavery during the first decades of the eighteenth century. Ellis shows that \\\"Tensa captives were bought, sold, and gifted to French settlers individually and in small numbers by other Native people\\\" (82), whereas Chitimachas \\\"were captured en masse\\\" (93) by the French as part of their bloody military campaign. Despite being neighbors, the Tensas and Chitimachas experienced enslavement in radically different ways. In the course of exploring Indigenous responses to enslavement, Ellis uncovers a remarkable archive of records revealing Native women's critical place in the story of slavery along the Gulf Coast. For Tensas, women were the main targets of these slave raids, as revealed by their sudden presence in French Louisiana homes and plantations as well as by their noticeable [End Page 741] absence from their own communities. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
根据一个希腊人的故事,曾经有一只巨大的蚯蚓使一个猎人的妻子怀孕了。丈夫觉得妻子背叛了他,想把她留在树林里,但他的姐妹们求情。他们坚持要把怀孕的妻子带回家,这样他们才能照顾她。但是他们的药是不够的,因为当她生产的时候,许多蚯蚓从她身上出来。这些怪物烧毁了她的房子,杀死了帮忙接生的姐妹们。然后,蚯蚓在整个城镇肆虐,最后把自己深深地埋在地下。故事以巨大的蚯蚓成功结束,因为它们,而不是女人,“继续生活在那里”。这个侵犯性的、充满性欲的怪物既针对土著妇女,也针对她们的习俗——它利用土著妇女如何照顾怀孕,如何决定谁进入她们的城镇,以及如何处理外国或受污染的实体。当我读伊丽莎白·n·埃利斯(Elizabeth N. Ellis)的重要新书《小国的大国》(The Great Power of Small Nations)时,我想到了这个故事。这本书讲述了一个类似的怪物:欧洲和美洲殖民者,他们在北美的危险入侵势力试图取代土著居民,破坏他们的生活习惯。她探索了南海湾地区殖民统治的多重、长期和暴力的遗产,以许多创新和未被认识到的方式为中心,土著人民对付这些蚯蚓般的欧洲人。她提到了一个不断变化的世界,一个由非永久性的、多民族的定居点组成的世界,这些定居点融合在一起又分裂,吸收了外来者和移民,并设法维持了他们的国家,尽管存在这些暴力断层线。通过这些土著的外交努力,海湾南部的小民族创造并重塑了归属感的概念。埃利斯展示了这些国家相互重叠、相互交叉,但最终又各自独特的历史,认为他们各自建立自己的土地要求、治理和主权的不同方式必须加以探索,而不是忽视。《小国的大国》聚焦于土著政治和关系的复杂性,强调土著的历史和观点,而不是欧洲人的焦虑或幻想。因此,埃利斯细致入微的作品为人们提供了一种新的视角,来解读印第安人在奴隶制下和奴役之下的经历。尽管自2002年Alan Gallay的开创性著作《印第安奴隶贸易》出版以来,关于印第安奴隶制的学术研究出现了爆炸式的创新,但很少有人探讨奴隶袭击和袭击对较小的土著民族的影响埃利斯仔细地重建了纳奇兹人、田纳西州人、突尼斯人、亚祖人、奇蒂玛查人、帕尼瓦查人、塔瓦萨人、阿拉巴马人、科罗亚斯人和阿巴拉契斯人等人的复杂斗争,以解决法国和英国商人入侵的奴役问题,以及奇卡索人和上克里克人的袭击。《小国强国》在记录南部海湾地区奴隶掠夺的普遍不稳定和暴力的同时,仍然坚定地关注它们对小国家的影响,考虑到现存资料的零碎和不完整性质,这是一项艰巨的壮举。最后,埃利斯发现,小民族对奴隶制的反应和解决奴隶制的策略可能看起来与较大的土著民族大不相同,也许更重要的是,在她研究的小民族中并不统一。如果对某些人来说,奴役创造了一个“混乱的世界”(83),对另一些人来说,它可能意味着安全。例如,在18世纪的头几十年里,田纳西州和奇蒂玛查人对印第安奴隶制日益严重的威胁采取了不同的处理方式。埃利斯指出,“坦萨人的俘虏被其他土著人单独或少量地购买、出售并赠予法国殖民者”(82),而奇蒂玛查人则被法国人“集体俘虏”(93),这是他们血腥军事行动的一部分。尽管是邻居,田纳西人和奇蒂玛查人却以截然不同的方式经历了奴役。在探索土著对奴隶制的反应的过程中,埃利斯发现了一个非凡的档案记录,揭示了土著妇女在墨西哥湾沿岸奴隶制故事中的重要地位。对田纳西人来说,妇女是这些奴隶袭击的主要目标,从她们突然出现在法国路易斯安那州的家中和种植园,以及从她们自己社区的明显缺席中可以看出。许多……
The Great Power of Native Women Alejandra Dubcovsky (bio) ACCORDING to a Creek story, a monstrous earthworm once impregnated the wife of a hunter. Feeling betrayed by his wife, the husband wanted to leave her in the woods, but his sisters interceded. They insisted that the pregnant wife be brought home so they could care for her. But their medicine was not enough, for when she gave birth many earthworms came out of her. These creatures burned down her house and killed the sisters helping with the delivery. The earthworms then wreaked havoc throughout the town and finally buried themselves deep in the ground. The story ends with the monstrous earthworms succeeding, for they, and not the women, "have continued to live there."1 This invasive, sexually charged monster targeted Native women as well as their practices—it exploited how Native women cared for pregnancies, how they decided who entered their towns, and how they dealt with foreign or contaminated entities. I thought about that story as I read Elizabeth N. Ellis's important new book, The Great Power of Small Nations, which tackles a similar monster: the European and American colonizers whose dangerous and invasive forces in North America sought to displace Native people and disrupt their practices. She explores the multiple, long, and violent legacies of colonization in the Gulf South by centering the many innovative and unrecognized ways Native peoples dealt with these earthworm-like Europeans. She invokes a world in constant motion, a world of nonpermanent, multinational settlements that fused together and broke apart, incorporated outsiders and migrants, and managed to sustain their nations despite these violent fault lines. Through these Indigenous diplomatic efforts, the Petites Nations of the Gulf South made and remade notions of belonging. Ellis shows the overlapping, intersecting, and yet ultimately unique histories of each of those nations, arguing that the diverse ways they each established their own land claims, governance, and sovereignty must be explored rather than overlooked. The Great Power of Small Nations focuses on the complexities of Indigenous politics and relationships, privileging Native histories and perspectives rather than European anxieties or fantasies. [End Page 740] Ellis's meticulous work thus offers a new reading of Native experiences with and within enslavement. Although there has been an explosion of innovative scholarship on Indian slavery since the publication of Alan Gallay's groundbreaking The Indian Slave Trade in 2002, few have explored the effects of slave raids and raiding on smaller Native nations.2 Ellis carefully reconstructs the complex struggles of the Natchez, Tensas, Tunicas, Yazoos, Chitimachas, Paniouachas, Tawasas, Alabamas, Koroas, and Apalachees, among others, to address the problem of enslavement by encroaching French and English traders as well as raids by the Chickasaw and Upper Creek peoples. While chronicling the general destabilization and violence of slave raids in the Gulf South, The Great Power of Small Nations remains firmly focused on their effects on the Petites Nations, a difficult feat considering the fragmentary and incomplete nature of surviving sources. Ultimately, Ellis finds that Petites Nations' responses to and strategies for addressing slavery could look quite different than those of larger Native nations, and, perhaps more importantly, were not uniform among the small nations she studies. If enslavement created a "world in chaos" (83) for some, it could mean safety and security for others. The Tensas and Chitimachas, for example, dealt differently with the rising threat of Indian slavery during the first decades of the eighteenth century. Ellis shows that "Tensa captives were bought, sold, and gifted to French settlers individually and in small numbers by other Native people" (82), whereas Chitimachas "were captured en masse" (93) by the French as part of their bloody military campaign. Despite being neighbors, the Tensas and Chitimachas experienced enslavement in radically different ways. In the course of exploring Indigenous responses to enslavement, Ellis uncovers a remarkable archive of records revealing Native women's critical place in the story of slavery along the Gulf Coast. For Tensas, women were the main targets of these slave raids, as revealed by their sudden presence in French Louisiana homes and plantations as well as by their noticeable [End Page 741] absence from their own communities. Many of the...