普里什蒂纳平行大学,1991-1999:功能、挑战与和平抵抗

Q4 Arts and Humanities Historijski pogledi Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI:10.52259/historijskipogledi.2023.6.10.437
Albina Drançolli Ramadani, Kujtime Boshtrakaj Camaj
{"title":"普里什蒂纳平行大学,1991-1999:功能、挑战与和平抵抗","authors":"Albina Drançolli Ramadani, Kujtime Boshtrakaj Camaj","doi":"10.52259/historijskipogledi.2023.6.10.437","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"University of Prishtina, serving as an institution of education and science and as a centre of Albanian democratic and cultural movements, since its foundation was amongst the institutions on the target of Serbian regime. Upon abolition of the autonomy of Kosovo in 1989, the Serbian regime started the discriminatory policies against the Albanian population, the overwhelming majority population in Kosovo, including the expulsion of the Albanian pupils and students from the schools and university premises, massive dismissals from work, etc. It was the academic year 1991/1992 when the doors of the University of Prishtina were closed to Albanian students and teachers. The University of Prishtina and its campus in the center of the capital Prishtina, libraries, institutes and student dormitories all remained available to Serbian and other non-Albanian teachers and students. The Albanian population created a parallel state, a unique example in the world, and such state created the parallel institutions in various fields of life, such as health, culture and education, including also the parallel University of Prishtina. This paper, in light of the sources of the time (documents in the Archive of the Rectorate of University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, published reports of the international organisations, press of the time) and the relevant historiography aims at elaborating: the initial protests and resistance of Albanian professors and students against the violent measures imposed by the Serbian regime; how the students and teachers were expelled from the facilities of the University of Prishtina; the procedures and the circumstances under which was established the Parallel University of Prishtina; how this parallel university functioned in the situation of pressure and continuous violence from the Serbian regime, at private facilities in the suburbs of the city; how the entire Albanian population from Kosovo was mobilized to support this university. The paper offers data from the unpublished documents which are stored at the Archive of the Rectorate of the University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, regarding the number of planned and enrolled students, which indicates how the political situation was reflected on the number of students who attended the university studies. Particular attention in the paper was paid to the students’ protests of 1997 by elaborating how this Parallel University, through the peaceful student protests, influenced the sensitizing of the international institutions and media on the question of the Albanian people in Kosovo. It emphasizes the important role of students represented by Independent Union of Students of the University of Prishtina (Unioni i Pavarur i Studentëve i Universitetit të Prishtinës - UPSUP), who gained the support and encouragement of international political personalities of the time for the continuation of peaceful student activism. Despite all the drastic challenges the Parallel University of Prishtina functioned in all the segments that characterize a university. All managerial mechanisms were developed, teaching was held in three cycles of study, even though only private premises were available but no laboratories, libraries and dormitories, new students were enrolled, staff were continuously recruited and promoted, and university textbooks were prepared. However, due to many factors, including the emigration of the Albanian population, the continuous violence by the Serbian police, and the financial difficulties of Albanian families, the number of students was constantly decreasing. In addition, this situation impacted their learning. The lack of literature and laboratories, teaching and learning in private premises and homes, the constant dangers and mistreatment by the Serbian regime, were making university studies a very difficult mission. However, the Parallel University of Prishtina turned into a centre of peaceful resistance and a symbol of determination to continue studies and advancement in the Albanian language regardless of the extreme political and social situation. The University did not interrupt the work even in the state of war, until 21 March 1999. All this readiness, will and peaceful resistance had gained the attention and respect of international opinion.","PeriodicalId":52780,"journal":{"name":"Historijski pogledi","volume":"3 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Parallel University of Prishtina, 1991-1999: Functioning, challenges and peaceful resistance\",\"authors\":\"Albina Drançolli Ramadani, Kujtime Boshtrakaj Camaj\",\"doi\":\"10.52259/historijskipogledi.2023.6.10.437\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"University of Prishtina, serving as an institution of education and science and as a centre of Albanian democratic and cultural movements, since its foundation was amongst the institutions on the target of Serbian regime. Upon abolition of the autonomy of Kosovo in 1989, the Serbian regime started the discriminatory policies against the Albanian population, the overwhelming majority population in Kosovo, including the expulsion of the Albanian pupils and students from the schools and university premises, massive dismissals from work, etc. It was the academic year 1991/1992 when the doors of the University of Prishtina were closed to Albanian students and teachers. The University of Prishtina and its campus in the center of the capital Prishtina, libraries, institutes and student dormitories all remained available to Serbian and other non-Albanian teachers and students. The Albanian population created a parallel state, a unique example in the world, and such state created the parallel institutions in various fields of life, such as health, culture and education, including also the parallel University of Prishtina. This paper, in light of the sources of the time (documents in the Archive of the Rectorate of University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, published reports of the international organisations, press of the time) and the relevant historiography aims at elaborating: the initial protests and resistance of Albanian professors and students against the violent measures imposed by the Serbian regime; how the students and teachers were expelled from the facilities of the University of Prishtina; the procedures and the circumstances under which was established the Parallel University of Prishtina; how this parallel university functioned in the situation of pressure and continuous violence from the Serbian regime, at private facilities in the suburbs of the city; how the entire Albanian population from Kosovo was mobilized to support this university. The paper offers data from the unpublished documents which are stored at the Archive of the Rectorate of the University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, regarding the number of planned and enrolled students, which indicates how the political situation was reflected on the number of students who attended the university studies. Particular attention in the paper was paid to the students’ protests of 1997 by elaborating how this Parallel University, through the peaceful student protests, influenced the sensitizing of the international institutions and media on the question of the Albanian people in Kosovo. It emphasizes the important role of students represented by Independent Union of Students of the University of Prishtina (Unioni i Pavarur i Studentëve i Universitetit të Prishtinës - UPSUP), who gained the support and encouragement of international political personalities of the time for the continuation of peaceful student activism. Despite all the drastic challenges the Parallel University of Prishtina functioned in all the segments that characterize a university. All managerial mechanisms were developed, teaching was held in three cycles of study, even though only private premises were available but no laboratories, libraries and dormitories, new students were enrolled, staff were continuously recruited and promoted, and university textbooks were prepared. However, due to many factors, including the emigration of the Albanian population, the continuous violence by the Serbian police, and the financial difficulties of Albanian families, the number of students was constantly decreasing. In addition, this situation impacted their learning. The lack of literature and laboratories, teaching and learning in private premises and homes, the constant dangers and mistreatment by the Serbian regime, were making university studies a very difficult mission. However, the Parallel University of Prishtina turned into a centre of peaceful resistance and a symbol of determination to continue studies and advancement in the Albanian language regardless of the extreme political and social situation. The University did not interrupt the work even in the state of war, until 21 March 1999. All this readiness, will and peaceful resistance had gained the attention and respect of international opinion.\",\"PeriodicalId\":52780,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Historijski pogledi\",\"volume\":\"3 8\",\"pages\":\"0\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-11-15\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Historijski pogledi\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2023.6.10.437\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q4\",\"JCRName\":\"Arts and Humanities\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Historijski pogledi","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2023.6.10.437","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"Arts and Humanities","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

摘要

普里什蒂纳大学,作为一所教育和科学机构以及阿尔巴尼亚民主和文化运动的中心,自其成立以来一直是塞尔维亚政权目标的机构之一。1989年废除科索沃自治权后,塞尔维亚政权开始对占科索沃人口绝大多数的阿尔巴尼亚人实行歧视性政策,包括将阿尔巴尼亚小学生和学生驱逐出学校和大学,大规模解雇工作人员等。1991/1992学年,普里什蒂纳大学对阿尔巴尼亚学生和教师关闭了大门。普里什蒂纳大学及其位于首都普里什蒂纳中心的校园、图书馆、学院和学生宿舍仍然向塞尔维亚和其他非阿尔巴尼亚族教师和学生开放。阿尔巴尼亚人民建立了一个平行的国家,这是世界上的一个独特的例子,这个国家在生活的各个领域,如卫生、文化和教育,建立了平行的机构,包括平行的普里什蒂纳大学。本文根据当时的资料来源(普里什蒂纳大学“哈桑·普里什蒂纳”校长档案馆的文件、国际组织和当时的新闻界发表的报告)和相关的史学,旨在阐述:阿尔巴尼亚教授和学生最初对塞尔维亚政权实施的暴力措施的抗议和抵抗;学生和教师如何被驱逐出普里什蒂纳大学的设施;普里什蒂纳平行大学成立的程序和情况;在塞尔维亚政权的压力和持续暴力的情况下,这所平行大学如何在城市郊区的私人设施中运作;整个科索沃的阿尔巴尼亚人是如何动员起来支持这所大学的。该文件提供了保存在普里什蒂纳大学“哈桑普里什蒂纳”校长档案馆的未发表文件的数据,其中涉及计划和注册的学生人数,这表明政治局势如何反映在参加大学学习的学生人数上。该文件特别关注了1997年的学生抗议活动,阐述了这所平行大学如何通过和平的学生抗议活动影响了国际机构和媒体对科索沃境内阿尔巴尼亚人问题的敏感认识。它强调了以普里什蒂纳大学学生独立联盟(Unioni i Pavarur i Studentëve i Universitetit të Prishtinës - UPSUP)为代表的学生的重要作用,他们获得了当时国际政治人士的支持和鼓励,继续进行和平的学生活动。尽管面临着巨大的挑战,普里什蒂纳平行大学在大学的各个方面都发挥了作用。制订了所有的管理机制,以三个周期进行教学,尽管只有私人房舍,但没有实验室、图书馆和宿舍,招收了新学生,不断征聘和提升工作人员,编写了大学教科书。但是,由于许多因素,包括阿尔巴尼亚人口的移民、塞尔维亚警察的持续暴力和阿尔巴尼亚家庭的经济困难,学生人数不断减少。此外,这种情况影响了他们的学习。缺乏文献和实验室,在私人房舍和家中教学,塞尔维亚政权不断的危险和虐待,使大学学习成为一项非常困难的任务。然而,普里什蒂纳平行大学变成了一个和平抵抗的中心和决心继续学习和提高阿尔巴尼亚语水平的象征,不管极端的政治和社会情况如何。直到1999年3月21日,即使在战争状态下,大学也没有中断工作。所有这些准备、意志和和平抵抗都赢得了国际舆论的注意和尊重。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
查看原文
分享 分享
微信好友 朋友圈 QQ好友 复制链接
本刊更多论文
Parallel University of Prishtina, 1991-1999: Functioning, challenges and peaceful resistance
University of Prishtina, serving as an institution of education and science and as a centre of Albanian democratic and cultural movements, since its foundation was amongst the institutions on the target of Serbian regime. Upon abolition of the autonomy of Kosovo in 1989, the Serbian regime started the discriminatory policies against the Albanian population, the overwhelming majority population in Kosovo, including the expulsion of the Albanian pupils and students from the schools and university premises, massive dismissals from work, etc. It was the academic year 1991/1992 when the doors of the University of Prishtina were closed to Albanian students and teachers. The University of Prishtina and its campus in the center of the capital Prishtina, libraries, institutes and student dormitories all remained available to Serbian and other non-Albanian teachers and students. The Albanian population created a parallel state, a unique example in the world, and such state created the parallel institutions in various fields of life, such as health, culture and education, including also the parallel University of Prishtina. This paper, in light of the sources of the time (documents in the Archive of the Rectorate of University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, published reports of the international organisations, press of the time) and the relevant historiography aims at elaborating: the initial protests and resistance of Albanian professors and students against the violent measures imposed by the Serbian regime; how the students and teachers were expelled from the facilities of the University of Prishtina; the procedures and the circumstances under which was established the Parallel University of Prishtina; how this parallel university functioned in the situation of pressure and continuous violence from the Serbian regime, at private facilities in the suburbs of the city; how the entire Albanian population from Kosovo was mobilized to support this university. The paper offers data from the unpublished documents which are stored at the Archive of the Rectorate of the University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, regarding the number of planned and enrolled students, which indicates how the political situation was reflected on the number of students who attended the university studies. Particular attention in the paper was paid to the students’ protests of 1997 by elaborating how this Parallel University, through the peaceful student protests, influenced the sensitizing of the international institutions and media on the question of the Albanian people in Kosovo. It emphasizes the important role of students represented by Independent Union of Students of the University of Prishtina (Unioni i Pavarur i Studentëve i Universitetit të Prishtinës - UPSUP), who gained the support and encouragement of international political personalities of the time for the continuation of peaceful student activism. Despite all the drastic challenges the Parallel University of Prishtina functioned in all the segments that characterize a university. All managerial mechanisms were developed, teaching was held in three cycles of study, even though only private premises were available but no laboratories, libraries and dormitories, new students were enrolled, staff were continuously recruited and promoted, and university textbooks were prepared. However, due to many factors, including the emigration of the Albanian population, the continuous violence by the Serbian police, and the financial difficulties of Albanian families, the number of students was constantly decreasing. In addition, this situation impacted their learning. The lack of literature and laboratories, teaching and learning in private premises and homes, the constant dangers and mistreatment by the Serbian regime, were making university studies a very difficult mission. However, the Parallel University of Prishtina turned into a centre of peaceful resistance and a symbol of determination to continue studies and advancement in the Albanian language regardless of the extreme political and social situation. The University did not interrupt the work even in the state of war, until 21 March 1999. All this readiness, will and peaceful resistance had gained the attention and respect of international opinion.
求助全文
通过发布文献求助,成功后即可免费获取论文全文。 去求助
来源期刊
Historijski pogledi
Historijski pogledi Arts and Humanities-History
CiteScore
0.10
自引率
0.00%
发文量
46
审稿时长
20 weeks
期刊最新文献
Pojedina obilježja učinitelja i žrtava ratnih silovanja procesuiranih pred Sudom Bosne i Hercegovine Ka NATO putu – Od formiranja i ustrojstva Armije Republike Bosne i Hercegovine do Oružanih snaga Bosne i Hercegovine Parallel University of Prishtina, 1991-1999: Functioning, challenges and peaceful resistance Republika Sjeverna Makedonija i Bosna i Hercegovina od uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa do danas (1993-2022) Bosna i Hercegovina i konstituisanje Avnojske Jugoslavije (1943-1945)
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
已复制链接
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
×
扫码分享
扫码分享
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1