Behavioral Modeling of Collaborative Problem Solving in Multiplayer Virtual Reality Manufacturing Simulation Games

Abstract Engineering is an inherently creative and collaborative endeavor to solve real-world problems, in which collaborative problem solving (CPS) is considered one of the most critical professional skills. Hands-on practices and assessment methods are essential to promote deeper learning and foster the development of professional skills. However, most existing approaches are based on out-of-process procedures such as surveys, tests, or interviews that measure the effectiveness of learning activity in an aggregated way. It is desirable to quantify CPS dynamics during the learning process. Advancements in virtual reality (VR) provide great opportunities to realize digital learning environments to facilitate a learning-by-doing curriculum. In addition, sensors in VR systems allow us to collect in-process user behavioral data. This paper presents a multiplayer VR manufacturing simulation game for virtual hands-on learning experiences, as well as a behavioral modeling method for monitoring the CPS skills of participants. First, we developed the Virtual Learning Factory, where users play simulation games of various manufacturing paradigms. Second, we collected action logs from a sample of participants and used the same pattern to generate more data. Third, the behavioral data are modeled as dynamic networks for each player. Last, network features are calculated, and a CPS scoring method is driven from them. Experimental results show that the proposed behavioral modeling successfully captures different patterns of CPS dynamics according to manufacturing paradigms and individuals. This detailed assessment contributes to the development of appropriate student-specific interventions to improve learning outcomes.