Minerals and their role in the optimal functioning of the immune system – literature review

An adequate supply of minerals in the diet is crucial for the proper functioning of the immune system. This applies to both the mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity, and in particular, the pro- and anti-inflammatory balance of the body. For most people, a balanced diet is sufficient to provide the body with adequate amounts of minerals. However, certain groups are particularly at risk of deficiencies in these nutrients. These include people who perform frequent and intense sports training when the body does not have an opportunity to regenerate properly. The aim of this paper was to discuss the role of minerals in the suitable functioning of the immune system. The following review of the latest literature focuses on the role of magnesium, zinc, iron and selenium as the components of greatest importance in immunology. The effects of a deficiency of these minerals and their impact on the maturation and function of immunocompetent cells, antibody production, cytokine production and immune pathways are discussed. The review was based on the available data collected in the PubMed database and in the Google Scholar search engine using the keywords: “the role of magnesium in the immune system”, “the role of zinc in the immune system”, “the role of iron in the immune system”, the role of selenium in the immune system”, “mineral deficiencies in athletes”, “impact of intense physical exercise on the immune system”.