Brine: Genesis and Sustainable Resource Recovery Worldwide

Brine contains cations such as K + , Ca 2+ , Na + , Mg 2+ , Li + , B 3+ , Rb 2+ , and Cs 2+ , as well as anions such as SO 4 2− , Cl − , HCO 3 − , CO 3 2− , NO 3 − , Br − , and I − , which are valuable elements. Brines are widely distributed in salt lakes in the world's three enormous plateaus and beyond and are classified into three types: sulfate-, chloride-, and carbonate-type brines. Sulfate-type brine forms in salt lakes, whereas carbonate-type brine results from magmatic and hydrothermal activity. Chloride-type brine forms in deep basins due to the reduction and transformation of buried brine. Li in brine plays a critical role in clean energy transitions, and K in brine is important for potash production. Recently, new techniques for extracting Li from brine have been developed, and the large-scale, comprehensive development pattern of brines has formed the basis for a recycling economic model, which contributes to the efficient use of brines for potash and Li 2 CO 3 development and CO 2 emission reduction. This article reviews the genesis of brines and highlights new utilization techniques, trends, and sustainable development.