Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-111523-102139
Lu Zhou, Ying Xiong, Francesco Sera, Ana Maria Vicedo-Cabrera, Rosana Abrutzky, Yuming Guo, Shilu Tong, Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, Paulo Hilario Nascimento Saldiva, Eric Lavigne, Patricia Matus Correa, Nicolás Valdés Ortega, Samuel Osorio, Dominic Roye, Jan Kyselý, Hans Orru, Marek Maasikmets, Jouni Jk Jaakkola, Niilo Ryti, Mathilde Pascal, Veronika Huber, Susanne Breitner-Busch, Alexandra Schneider, Klea Katsouyanni, Evangelia Samoli, Alireza Entezari, Fatemeh Mayvaneh, Patrick Goodman, Ariana Zeka, Raanan Raz, Matteo Scortichini, Massimo Stafoggia, Yasushi Honda, Masahiro Hashizume, Chris Fook Sheng Ng, Barrak Alahmad, Magali Hurtado Diaz, Eunice Elizabeth Félix Arellano, Ala Overcenco, Jochem Klompmaker, Shilpa Rao, Gabriel Carrasco, Xerxes Seposo, Paul Lester Carlos Chua, Susana das Neves Pereira da Silva, Joana Madureira, Iulian-Horia Holobaca, Noah Scovronick, Rebecca M Garland, Ho Kim, Whanhee Lee, Aurelio Tobias, Carmen Íñiguez, Bertil Forsberg, Martina S Ragettli, Yue Leon Guo, Shih-Chun Pan, Shanshan Li, Pierre Masselot, Valentina Colistro, Michelle Bell, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel Schwartz, Tran Ngoc Dang, Do Van Dung, Antonio Gasparrini, Yaoxian Huang, Haidong Kan
<p><strong>Background: </strong>The presence of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX) in the environment is of increasing concern due to their toxicity and ubiquity. Although the adverse health effects of BTEX exposure have been documented, robust epidemiological evidence from large-scale, multicountry studies using advanced exposure assessment methodologies remains scarce. We aimed to assess the association of short-term ambient exposure to individual BTEX components and their mixture with daily total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality on a global scale.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Daily data on mortality, meteorological factors, and air pollution were collected from 757 locations across 46 countries or regions. Data on individual chemicals (ie, benzene, toluene, xylenes [summation of ethylbenzene, m-xylene, p-xylene, and o-xylene]) and the aggregate mixture (ie, BTEX) were estimated using a chemistry-climate model. We examined the short-term associations of each individual chemical as well as the BTEX mixture with daily total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality in a multicountry framework. Using a two-stage time-series design, we first applied generalised additive models with a quasi-Poisson distribution to obtain location-specific associations, which were subsequently pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Two-pollutant models were used to assess the independent effects of BTEX after adjusting for co-pollutants (PM<sub>2⋅5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide). Additionally, we assessed the overall exposure-response curves with spline terms.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>An IQR increment of BTEX concentration on lag 0-2 days (3-day moving average of the present day and the previous 2 days) was associated with increases of 0⋅57% (95% CI 0⋅49-0⋅65), 0⋅42% (0⋅30-0⋅54), and 0⋅68% (0⋅50-0⋅86) in total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. The corresponding effect estimates for an IQR increment in individual chemicals (benzene, toluene, and xylenes) were 0⋅38-0⋅61%, 0⋅44-0⋅70%, and 0⋅41-0⋅65%, respectively. The associations remained significant after adjusting for co-pollutants, with a general decline in magnitude, except for a slight increase after adjustment for ozone. The shape of the exposure-response curves for all pollutants and causes of death was almost linear, with steeper slopes at low concentrations and no discernible thresholds.</p><p><strong>Interpretation: </strong>This global study provides novel evidence linking short-term exposure to ambient BTEX, both individually and as a mixture, with increased daily total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality. Our findings underscore the need for comprehensive air pollution mitigation policies, including stringent controls on BTEX emissions, to protect public health.</p><p><strong>Funding: </strong>Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project,
背景：由于苯、甲苯、乙苯和二甲苯异构体（BTEX）的毒性和普遍性，它们在环境中的存在越来越受到关注。尽管已有文献记录了接触苯二甲酸乙酯对健康的不良影响，但采用先进接触评估方法进行的大规模多国研究得出的强有力的流行病学证据仍然很少。我们的目的是评估短期环境暴露于单个BTEX成分及其混合物与全球范围内每日总死亡率、心血管死亡率和呼吸死亡率的关系。方法：从46个国家或地区的757个地点收集有关死亡率、气象因素和空气污染的日常数据。使用化学-气候模型估计了单个化学物质（即苯、甲苯、二甲苯[乙苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯和邻二甲苯的总和]）和聚合混合物（即BTEX）的数据。我们在多国框架内研究了每种单独化学物质以及BTEX混合物与每日总死亡率、心血管死亡率和呼吸死亡率的短期关联。采用两阶段时间序列设计，我们首先应用具有准泊松分布的广义加性模型来获得特定地点的关联，随后使用随机效应荟萃分析进行汇总。采用双污染物模型，对共污染物（PM2·5、PM10、二氧化氮、二氧化硫、臭氧和一氧化碳）进行校正后，评估BTEX的独立效应。此外，我们用样条项评估了总体暴露-响应曲线。结果：滞后0-2天（当日和前2天的3天移动平均值）BTEX浓度IQR增加与总死亡率、心血管死亡率和呼吸死亡率分别增加0.57% （95% CI 0⋅49-0⋅65）、0.42%（0⋅30-0⋅54）和0.68%（0⋅50-0⋅86）相关。对单个化学物质（苯、甲苯和二甲苯）IQR增量的相应效应估计分别为0⋅38-0⋅61%、0⋅44-0⋅70%和0⋅41-0⋅65%。在调整了共同污染物之后，这种关联仍然显著，总体上有所下降，除了调整了臭氧之后略有增加。所有污染物和死亡原因的暴露-反应曲线的形状几乎是线性的，在低浓度时斜率更陡，没有明显的阈值。解释：这项全球研究提供了新的证据，证明短期暴露于环境BTEX（无论是单独暴露还是混合暴露）与每日总死亡率、心血管死亡率和呼吸道死亡率增加有关。我们的研究结果强调需要制定全面的空气污染缓解政策，包括严格控制BTEX的排放，以保护公众健康。资助项目：非传染性慢性病国家科技重大专项、国家自然科学基金、上海市科技重大专项、上海市“一带一路”联合实验室项目、上海市国际科技合作伙伴项目。
{"title":"Associations of ambient exposure to benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene with daily mortality: a multicountry time-series study in 757 global locations.","authors":"Lu Zhou, Ying Xiong, Francesco Sera, Ana Maria Vicedo-Cabrera, Rosana Abrutzky, Yuming Guo, Shilu Tong, Micheline de Sousa Zanotti Stagliorio Coelho, Paulo Hilario Nascimento Saldiva, Eric Lavigne, Patricia Matus Correa, Nicolás Valdés Ortega, Samuel Osorio, Dominic Roye, Jan Kyselý, Hans Orru, Marek Maasikmets, Jouni Jk Jaakkola, Niilo Ryti, Mathilde Pascal, Veronika Huber, Susanne Breitner-Busch, Alexandra Schneider, Klea Katsouyanni, Evangelia Samoli, Alireza Entezari, Fatemeh Mayvaneh, Patrick Goodman, Ariana Zeka, Raanan Raz, Matteo Scortichini, Massimo Stafoggia, Yasushi Honda, Masahiro Hashizume, Chris Fook Sheng Ng, Barrak Alahmad, Magali Hurtado Diaz, Eunice Elizabeth Félix Arellano, Ala Overcenco, Jochem Klompmaker, Shilpa Rao, Gabriel Carrasco, Xerxes Seposo, Paul Lester Carlos Chua, Susana das Neves Pereira da Silva, Joana Madureira, Iulian-Horia Holobaca, Noah Scovronick, Rebecca M Garland, Ho Kim, Whanhee Lee, Aurelio Tobias, Carmen Íñiguez, Bertil Forsberg, Martina S Ragettli, Yue Leon Guo, Shih-Chun Pan, Shanshan Li, Pierre Masselot, Valentina Colistro, Michelle Bell, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel Schwartz, Tran Ngoc Dang, Do Van Dung, Antonio Gasparrini, Yaoxian Huang, Haidong Kan","doi":"10.1146/annurev-environ-111523-102139","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-environ-111523-102139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The presence of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (BTEX) in the environment is of increasing concern due to their toxicity and ubiquity. Although the adverse health effects of BTEX exposure have been documented, robust epidemiological evidence from large-scale, multicountry studies using advanced exposure assessment methodologies remains scarce. We aimed to assess the association of short-term ambient exposure to individual BTEX components and their mixture with daily total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality on a global scale.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Daily data on mortality, meteorological factors, and air pollution were collected from 757 locations across 46 countries or regions. Data on individual chemicals (ie, benzene, toluene, xylenes [summation of ethylbenzene, m-xylene, p-xylene, and o-xylene]) and the aggregate mixture (ie, BTEX) were estimated using a chemistry-climate model. We examined the short-term associations of each individual chemical as well as the BTEX mixture with daily total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality in a multicountry framework. Using a two-stage time-series design, we first applied generalised additive models with a quasi-Poisson distribution to obtain location-specific associations, which were subsequently pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Two-pollutant models were used to assess the independent effects of BTEX after adjusting for co-pollutants (PM<sub>2⋅5</sub>, PM<sub>10</sub>, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, and carbon monoxide). Additionally, we assessed the overall exposure-response curves with spline terms.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>An IQR increment of BTEX concentration on lag 0-2 days (3-day moving average of the present day and the previous 2 days) was associated with increases of 0⋅57% (95% CI 0⋅49-0⋅65), 0⋅42% (0⋅30-0⋅54), and 0⋅68% (0⋅50-0⋅86) in total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality, respectively. The corresponding effect estimates for an IQR increment in individual chemicals (benzene, toluene, and xylenes) were 0⋅38-0⋅61%, 0⋅44-0⋅70%, and 0⋅41-0⋅65%, respectively. The associations remained significant after adjusting for co-pollutants, with a general decline in magnitude, except for a slight increase after adjustment for ozone. The shape of the exposure-response curves for all pollutants and causes of death was almost linear, with steeper slopes at low concentrations and no discernible thresholds.</p><p><strong>Interpretation: </strong>This global study provides novel evidence linking short-term exposure to ambient BTEX, both individually and as a mixture, with increased daily total, cardiovascular, and respiratory mortality. Our findings underscore the need for comprehensive air pollution mitigation policies, including stringent controls on BTEX emissions, to protect public health.</p><p><strong>Funding: </strong>Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project, ","PeriodicalId":7982,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","volume":"50 1","pages":"247-272"},"PeriodicalIF":16.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145285390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-111523-102139
Shuang Zhou, Yao Wu, Yanming Liu, Yuan Gao, Pei Yu, Rongbin Xu, Gongbo Chen, Tingting Ye, Wenhua Yu, Juan Antonio Añel, Peng Bi, Angie Bone, Kristie L Ebi, Antonio Gasparrini, Masahiro Hashizume, Ollie Jay, Yoonhee Kim, Sarah Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Jason Kai Wei Lee, Tiantian Li, Shao Lin, Lina Madaniyazi, Jinah Park, Fontina Petrakopoulou, Xerxes Seposo, Aurelio Tobias, Shanshan Li, Yuming Guo
Climate change increasingly threatens global health as more frequent extreme heat events, combined with varying humidity levels, exacerbate both direct and indirect health risks, strain energy resources, and lead to economic loss. Vulnerable populations, including the elderly, young children, and those with preexisting health conditions, face greater risks due to lower physiological adaptive capacity. Those from socioeconomically disadvantaged communities are also vulnerable because of increased exposure and reduced capacity. While research has expanded our understanding of the physiological effects of extreme heat and humidity, challenges persist, including inconsistent data, lack of unified heat wave definitions, and limited knowledge of their impact on mortality and morbidity especially in specific populations. Addressing these challenges requires enhanced data and a comprehensive evaluation of humidity's modifying effects. Global collaboration to strengthen heat health action plans is essential, with future efforts focusing on enhancing the accessibility and effectiveness of interventions, especially in underresourced regions.
{"title":"Lethal Heat and Humidity Events.","authors":"Shuang Zhou, Yao Wu, Yanming Liu, Yuan Gao, Pei Yu, Rongbin Xu, Gongbo Chen, Tingting Ye, Wenhua Yu, Juan Antonio Añel, Peng Bi, Angie Bone, Kristie L Ebi, Antonio Gasparrini, Masahiro Hashizume, Ollie Jay, Yoonhee Kim, Sarah Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Jason Kai Wei Lee, Tiantian Li, Shao Lin, Lina Madaniyazi, Jinah Park, Fontina Petrakopoulou, Xerxes Seposo, Aurelio Tobias, Shanshan Li, Yuming Guo","doi":"10.1146/annurev-environ-111523-102139","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-environ-111523-102139","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Climate change increasingly threatens global health as more frequent extreme heat events, combined with varying humidity levels, exacerbate both direct and indirect health risks, strain energy resources, and lead to economic loss. Vulnerable populations, including the elderly, young children, and those with preexisting health conditions, face greater risks due to lower physiological adaptive capacity. Those from socioeconomically disadvantaged communities are also vulnerable because of increased exposure and reduced capacity. While research has expanded our understanding of the physiological effects of extreme heat and humidity, challenges persist, including inconsistent data, lack of unified heat wave definitions, and limited knowledge of their impact on mortality and morbidity especially in specific populations. Addressing these challenges requires enhanced data and a comprehensive evaluation of humidity's modifying effects. Global collaboration to strengthen heat health action plans is essential, with future efforts focusing on enhancing the accessibility and effectiveness of interventions, especially in underresourced regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7982,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","volume":"50 1","pages":"247-272"},"PeriodicalIF":16.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7618245/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145877535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-111022-020951
Sheikh Tawhidul Islam, Syed Hafizur Rahman, Mir A. Matin, Aniruddha Dey, Byomkesh Talukder, Nandini Sanyal, Md. Asadujjaman, Kamruzzaman Akand
In this review, we thoroughly analyze the state of global rivers, focusing on their physical and ecological characteristics as well as management strategies. The review results have helped us generate four recommendations. Firstly, rivers should be managed under a legally binding global accord at the basin level. Secondly, challenges related to river pollution and inappropriate project implementation can be mitigated by adopting newly defined strategic environmental assessments and the United Nations System of Environmental Economic Accounting. Thirdly, we need data from the latest scientific sources, such as geospatial sources, to better understand rivers at different scales as composite systems. The last recommendation calls for taking into account climate change concerns in river management approaches. We also outline a proposition for developing a river monitoring and assessment program in order to perform comprehensive and planet-wide river assessment. The article elaborates on the strategies for achieving these recommendations.
{"title":"State of the World's Rivers","authors":"Sheikh Tawhidul Islam, Syed Hafizur Rahman, Mir A. Matin, Aniruddha Dey, Byomkesh Talukder, Nandini Sanyal, Md. Asadujjaman, Kamruzzaman Akand","doi":"10.1146/annurev-environ-111022-020951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-111022-020951","url":null,"abstract":"In this review, we thoroughly analyze the state of global rivers, focusing on their physical and ecological characteristics as well as management strategies. The review results have helped us generate four recommendations. Firstly, rivers should be managed under a legally binding global accord at the basin level. Secondly, challenges related to river pollution and inappropriate project implementation can be mitigated by adopting newly defined strategic environmental assessments and the United Nations System of Environmental Economic Accounting. Thirdly, we need data from the latest scientific sources, such as geospatial sources, to better understand rivers at different scales as composite systems. The last recommendation calls for taking into account climate change concerns in river management approaches. We also outline a proposition for developing a river monitoring and assessment program in order to perform comprehensive and planet-wide river assessment. The article elaborates on the strategies for achieving these recommendations.","PeriodicalId":7982,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142255851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-101257
Patrick Roberts, Victor L. Caetano-Andrade, Michael Fisher, Rebecca Hamilton, Rachel Rudd, Freg Stokes, Noel Amano, Mariya Antonosyan, Andrew Dugmore, David Max Findley, Verónica Zuccarelli Freire, Laura Pereira Furquim, Michael-Shawn Fletcher, George Hambrecht, Phoebe Heddell-Stevens, Victor Iminjili, Deepak Kumar Jha, Gopesh Jha, Rahab N. Kinyanjui, Shira Y. Maezumi, Kathleen D. Morrison, Jürgen Renn, Janelle Stevenson, Ricarda Winkelmann, Michael Ziegler, Vernon L. Scarborough, Sam White, Dagomar Degroot, Adam S. Green, Christian Isendahl
It has been argued that we have now entered the Anthropocene, a proposed epoch in which humans are having a dominant impact on the Earth system. While some geologists have sought to formalize the Anthropocene as beginning in the mid-twentieth century, its social, geophysical, and environmental roots undoubtedly lie deeper in the past. In this review, we highlight the ways in which human activities across the major biomes of our planet significantly altered parts of the Earth system prior to the Industrial Age. We demonstrate ways in which novel, multidisciplinary approaches can provide detailed insights into long-term human–environment–Earth system interactions. We argue that there is clear evidence for lasting Earth system legacies of pre-Industrial human societies and that archaeology, paleoecology, and historical ecology can provide important, practical insights to help navigate current and future relationships with the planet in more equitable and sustainable ways.
{"title":"Uncovering the Multibiome Environmental and Earth System Legacies of Past Human Societies","authors":"Patrick Roberts, Victor L. Caetano-Andrade, Michael Fisher, Rebecca Hamilton, Rachel Rudd, Freg Stokes, Noel Amano, Mariya Antonosyan, Andrew Dugmore, David Max Findley, Verónica Zuccarelli Freire, Laura Pereira Furquim, Michael-Shawn Fletcher, George Hambrecht, Phoebe Heddell-Stevens, Victor Iminjili, Deepak Kumar Jha, Gopesh Jha, Rahab N. Kinyanjui, Shira Y. Maezumi, Kathleen D. Morrison, Jürgen Renn, Janelle Stevenson, Ricarda Winkelmann, Michael Ziegler, Vernon L. Scarborough, Sam White, Dagomar Degroot, Adam S. Green, Christian Isendahl","doi":"10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-101257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-101257","url":null,"abstract":"It has been argued that we have now entered the Anthropocene, a proposed epoch in which humans are having a dominant impact on the Earth system. While some geologists have sought to formalize the Anthropocene as beginning in the mid-twentieth century, its social, geophysical, and environmental roots undoubtedly lie deeper in the past. In this review, we highlight the ways in which human activities across the major biomes of our planet significantly altered parts of the Earth system prior to the Industrial Age. We demonstrate ways in which novel, multidisciplinary approaches can provide detailed insights into long-term human–environment–Earth system interactions. We argue that there is clear evidence for lasting Earth system legacies of pre-Industrial human societies and that archaeology, paleoecology, and historical ecology can provide important, practical insights to help navigate current and future relationships with the planet in more equitable and sustainable ways.","PeriodicalId":7982,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-030323-075629
Pete Smith, Rosa M. Poch, David A. Lobb, Ranjan Bhattacharyya, Ghiath Alloush, Gaius D. Eudoxie, Lúcia H.C. Anjos, Michael Castellano, Georges M. Ndzana, Claire Chenu, Ravi Naidu, Jeyanny Vijayanathan, Adele M. Muscolo, Guillermo A. Studdert, Natalia Rodriguez Eugenio, M. Costanza Calzolari, Nyambilila Amuri, Paul Hallett
Healthy soils contribute to a wide range of ecosystem services and virtually all of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, but most of the world's soil resources are in only fair, poor, or very poor condition, and conditions are getting worse in more cases than they are improving. A total of 33% of all soils are moderately to highly degraded as a result of erosion, loss of organic matter, poor nutrient balance, salinization and alkalinization, contamination, acidification, loss of biodiversity, sealing, compaction, and poor water status. Best management practices are available to limit or mitigate threats to soil health, and many of them mitigate multiple soil threats. In many regions of the world, policies or initiatives to protect or enhance the status of soils are in place, and they need to be strengthened and enforced. The Food and Agriculture Organisation will publish its second comprehensive assessment of the status of the world's soils in 2025, and this review provides an interim update on world soil status and offers an accessible overview of the topic.
{"title":"Status of the World's Soils","authors":"Pete Smith, Rosa M. Poch, David A. Lobb, Ranjan Bhattacharyya, Ghiath Alloush, Gaius D. Eudoxie, Lúcia H.C. Anjos, Michael Castellano, Georges M. Ndzana, Claire Chenu, Ravi Naidu, Jeyanny Vijayanathan, Adele M. Muscolo, Guillermo A. Studdert, Natalia Rodriguez Eugenio, M. Costanza Calzolari, Nyambilila Amuri, Paul Hallett","doi":"10.1146/annurev-environ-030323-075629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-030323-075629","url":null,"abstract":"Healthy soils contribute to a wide range of ecosystem services and virtually all of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, but most of the world's soil resources are in only fair, poor, or very poor condition, and conditions are getting worse in more cases than they are improving. A total of 33% of all soils are moderately to highly degraded as a result of erosion, loss of organic matter, poor nutrient balance, salinization and alkalinization, contamination, acidification, loss of biodiversity, sealing, compaction, and poor water status. Best management practices are available to limit or mitigate threats to soil health, and many of them mitigate multiple soil threats. In many regions of the world, policies or initiatives to protect or enhance the status of soils are in place, and they need to be strengthened and enforced. The Food and Agriculture Organisation will publish its second comprehensive assessment of the status of the world's soils in 2025, and this review provides an interim update on world soil status and offers an accessible overview of the topic.","PeriodicalId":7982,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-04DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-121922-041109
John Day, Edward Anthony, Robert Costanza, Douglas Edmonds, Joel Gunn, Charles Hopkinson, Michael Mann, James Morris, Michael Osland, Tracy Quirk, Andre Rovai, John Rybczyk, Thomas Spencer, Jessica Stephens, Jaia Syvitski, Robert Twilley, Jenneke Visser, John R. White
We review the functioning and sustainability of coastal marshes and mangroves. Urbanized humans have a 7,000-year-old enduring relationship to coastal wetlands. Wetlands include marshes, salt flats, and saline and freshwater forests. Coastal wetlands occur in all climate zones but are most abundant in deltas. Mangroves are tropical, whereas marshes occur from tropical to boreal areas. Quantification of coastal wetland areas has advanced in recent years but is still insufficiently accurate. Climate change and sea-level rise are predicted to lead to significant wetland losses and other impacts on coastal wetlands and the humans associated with them. Landward migration and coastal retreat are not expected to significantly reduce coastal wetland losses. Nitrogen watershed inputs are unlikely to alter coastal marsh stability because watershed loadings are mostly significantly lower than fertilization studies that show decreased belowground biomass and increased decomposition of soil organic matter. Blue carbon is not expected to significantly reduce climate impacts. The high values of ecosystem goods and services of wetlands are expected to be reduced by area losses. Humans have had strong impacts on coastal wetlands in the Holocene, and these impacts are expected to increase in the Anthropocene.
{"title":"Coastal Wetlands in the Anthropocene","authors":"John Day, Edward Anthony, Robert Costanza, Douglas Edmonds, Joel Gunn, Charles Hopkinson, Michael Mann, James Morris, Michael Osland, Tracy Quirk, Andre Rovai, John Rybczyk, Thomas Spencer, Jessica Stephens, Jaia Syvitski, Robert Twilley, Jenneke Visser, John R. White","doi":"10.1146/annurev-environ-121922-041109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-121922-041109","url":null,"abstract":"We review the functioning and sustainability of coastal marshes and mangroves. Urbanized humans have a 7,000-year-old enduring relationship to coastal wetlands. Wetlands include marshes, salt flats, and saline and freshwater forests. Coastal wetlands occur in all climate zones but are most abundant in deltas. Mangroves are tropical, whereas marshes occur from tropical to boreal areas. Quantification of coastal wetland areas has advanced in recent years but is still insufficiently accurate. Climate change and sea-level rise are predicted to lead to significant wetland losses and other impacts on coastal wetlands and the humans associated with them. Landward migration and coastal retreat are not expected to significantly reduce coastal wetland losses. Nitrogen watershed inputs are unlikely to alter coastal marsh stability because watershed loadings are mostly significantly lower than fertilization studies that show decreased belowground biomass and increased decomposition of soil organic matter. Blue carbon is not expected to significantly reduce climate impacts. The high values of ecosystem goods and services of wetlands are expected to be reduced by area losses. Humans have had strong impacts on coastal wetlands in the Holocene, and these impacts are expected to increase in the Anthropocene.","PeriodicalId":7982,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-091927
Thomas P. Hendrickson, Nikit Abhyankar, Priyanka Mohanty, Kimberley K. Mayfield, Whitney Kirkendall, Alexander J. Stanley, Stephen Stack, Hung-Chia Yang, Andrew J. Satchwell
Recent rapid and unexpected cost reductions in decarbonization technologies have accelerated the cost-effective decarbonization of the US economy, with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions falling by 20% from 2005 to 2020. The literature on US economy-wide decarbonization focuses on maximizing long-term GHG emissions reduction strategies that rely mostly on renewable energy expansion, electrification, and efficiency improvements to achieve net-zero GHG emissions by 2050. While these studies provide a valuable foundation, further research is needed to properly support decarbonization policy development and implementation. In this review, we identify key decarbonization analysis gaps and opportunities, including issues related to cross-sectoral linkages, spatial and temporal granularity, consumer behavior, emerging technologies, equity and environmental justice, and political economy. We conclude by discussing the implications of these analysis gaps for US decarbonization pathways and how they relate to challenges facing major global emitters.
{"title":"Decarbonizing the US Energy System","authors":"Thomas P. Hendrickson, Nikit Abhyankar, Priyanka Mohanty, Kimberley K. Mayfield, Whitney Kirkendall, Alexander J. Stanley, Stephen Stack, Hung-Chia Yang, Andrew J. Satchwell","doi":"10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-091927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-091927","url":null,"abstract":"Recent rapid and unexpected cost reductions in decarbonization technologies have accelerated the cost-effective decarbonization of the US economy, with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions falling by 20% from 2005 to 2020. The literature on US economy-wide decarbonization focuses on maximizing long-term GHG emissions reduction strategies that rely mostly on renewable energy expansion, electrification, and efficiency improvements to achieve net-zero GHG emissions by 2050. While these studies provide a valuable foundation, further research is needed to properly support decarbonization policy development and implementation. In this review, we identify key decarbonization analysis gaps and opportunities, including issues related to cross-sectoral linkages, spatial and temporal granularity, consumer behavior, emerging technologies, equity and environmental justice, and political economy. We conclude by discussing the implications of these analysis gaps for US decarbonization pathways and how they relate to challenges facing major global emitters.","PeriodicalId":7982,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","volume":"81 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-27DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-081722
Flor Avelino, Katinka Wijsman, Frank van Steenbergen, Shivant Jhagroe, Julia Wittmayer, Sanne Akerboom, Kristina Bogner, Esther F. Jansen, Niki Frantzeskaki, Agni Kalfagianni
Facing the world's ecological, economic, and social challenges requires us to connect the concepts of justice, sustainability, and transitions. Bridging and discussing heterogeneous fields, we argue that these concepts need to complement each other, and we present just sustainability transitions (JUSTRAs) to do so. To define JUSTRAs, we review the state-of-the-art literature, focusing on the understanding of these three concepts and their pairings in various disciplinary fields and empirical settings (e.g., environmental justice, just transitions, sustainability transitions, energy justice, food justice, urban justice). We center marginalized voices to highlight the processes of radical transformative change that JUSTRAs seek. We offer three analytical lenses that further the understanding of JUSTRAs: politics, power, and prefiguration. We argue that these complementary lenses are necessary to remake the world in both critical and pragmatic ways. Finally, we present a research agenda on JUSTRAs, foregrounding three complementary modes of inquiry: analyzing, critiquing, designing.
{"title":"Just Sustainability Transitions: Politics, Power, and Prefiguration in Transformative Change Toward Justice and Sustainability","authors":"Flor Avelino, Katinka Wijsman, Frank van Steenbergen, Shivant Jhagroe, Julia Wittmayer, Sanne Akerboom, Kristina Bogner, Esther F. Jansen, Niki Frantzeskaki, Agni Kalfagianni","doi":"10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-081722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-081722","url":null,"abstract":"Facing the world's ecological, economic, and social challenges requires us to connect the concepts of justice, sustainability, and transitions. Bridging and discussing heterogeneous fields, we argue that these concepts need to complement each other, and we present just sustainability transitions (JUSTRAs) to do so. To define JUSTRAs, we review the state-of-the-art literature, focusing on the understanding of these three concepts and their pairings in various disciplinary fields and empirical settings (e.g., environmental justice, just transitions, sustainability transitions, energy justice, food justice, urban justice). We center marginalized voices to highlight the processes of radical transformative change that JUSTRAs seek. We offer three analytical lenses that further the understanding of JUSTRAs: politics, power, and prefiguration. We argue that these complementary lenses are necessary to remake the world in both critical and pragmatic ways. Finally, we present a research agenda on JUSTRAs, foregrounding three complementary modes of inquiry: analyzing, critiquing, designing.","PeriodicalId":7982,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-081911
Edward A. Parson, David W. Keith
Solar geoengineering, also called sunlight reflection or solar radiation modification (SRM), is a potential climate response that would cool the Earth's surface and reduce many other climate changes by scattering on order 1% of incoming sunlight back to space. SRM can only imperfectly correct for elevated greenhouse gases, but it might complement other climate responses to reduce risks, while also bringing new risks and new challenges to global governance. As climate alarm and calls for effective near-term action mount, SRM is attracting sharply increased attention and controversy, with many calls for expanded research and governance consultations along with ongoing concerns about risks, misuse, or overreliance. We review SRM's history, methods, potential uses and impacts, and governance needs, prioritizing the approach that is most prominent and promising, stratospheric aerosol injection. We identify several policy-relevant characteristics of SRM interventions and identify four narratives that capture current arguments over how SRM might be developed or used in socio-political context to either beneficial or destructive effect, with implications for near-term research, assessment, and governance activity.
{"title":"Solar Geoengineering: History, Methods, Governance, Prospects","authors":"Edward A. Parson, David W. Keith","doi":"10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-081911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-081911","url":null,"abstract":"Solar geoengineering, also called sunlight reflection or solar radiation modification (SRM), is a potential climate response that would cool the Earth's surface and reduce many other climate changes by scattering on order 1% of incoming sunlight back to space. SRM can only imperfectly correct for elevated greenhouse gases, but it might complement other climate responses to reduce risks, while also bringing new risks and new challenges to global governance. As climate alarm and calls for effective near-term action mount, SRM is attracting sharply increased attention and controversy, with many calls for expanded research and governance consultations along with ongoing concerns about risks, misuse, or overreliance. We review SRM's history, methods, potential uses and impacts, and governance needs, prioritizing the approach that is most prominent and promising, stratospheric aerosol injection. We identify several policy-relevant characteristics of SRM interventions and identify four narratives that capture current arguments over how SRM might be developed or used in socio-political context to either beneficial or destructive effect, with implications for near-term research, assessment, and governance activity.","PeriodicalId":7982,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-21DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-111522-103028
Diogo Veríssimo, Katie Blake, Hilary Byerly Flint, Hunter Doughty, Dulce Espelosin, Emily A. Gregg, Takahiro Kubo, Judy Mann-Lang, Laura R. Perry, Matthew J. Selinske, Ganga Shreedhar, Laura Thomas-Walters
Conservation of biodiversity is above all else an exercise in human persuasion. Human behavior drives all substantive threats to biodiversity; therefore, influencing it is the only path to mitigating the current extinction crisis. We review the literature across three different axes to highlight current evidence on influencing human behavior for conservation. First, we look at behavioral interventions to mitigate different threats, from pollution and climate change to invasive species and human disturbance. Next, we examine interventions focused on different stakeholders, from voters, investors, and environmental managers to consumers, producers, and extractors. Finally, we review delivery channels, ranging from mass and social media to interventions involving changes to the physical environment or carried out in person. We highlight key gaps, including the lack of scale and robust impact evaluation of most interventions, and the need to prioritize behaviors, overcome the reproducibility crisis, and deal with inequality when designing and implementing behavior change interventions.
{"title":"Changing Human Behavior to Conserve Biodiversity","authors":"Diogo Veríssimo, Katie Blake, Hilary Byerly Flint, Hunter Doughty, Dulce Espelosin, Emily A. Gregg, Takahiro Kubo, Judy Mann-Lang, Laura R. Perry, Matthew J. Selinske, Ganga Shreedhar, Laura Thomas-Walters","doi":"10.1146/annurev-environ-111522-103028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-111522-103028","url":null,"abstract":"Conservation of biodiversity is above all else an exercise in human persuasion. Human behavior drives all substantive threats to biodiversity; therefore, influencing it is the only path to mitigating the current extinction crisis. We review the literature across three different axes to highlight current evidence on influencing human behavior for conservation. First, we look at behavioral interventions to mitigate different threats, from pollution and climate change to invasive species and human disturbance. Next, we examine interventions focused on different stakeholders, from voters, investors, and environmental managers to consumers, producers, and extractors. Finally, we review delivery channels, ranging from mass and social media to interventions involving changes to the physical environment or carried out in person. We highlight key gaps, including the lack of scale and robust impact evaluation of most interventions, and the need to prioritize behaviors, overcome the reproducibility crisis, and deal with inequality when designing and implementing behavior change interventions.","PeriodicalId":7982,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Environment and Resources","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":16.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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