A Review on the Progress of QbD Approach in Nanosystems Optimization: Current Updates and Strategic Applications

Abstract: Nanotechnology has made great strides in developing targeted drug delivery systems over the past few decades. These systems have garnered attention for their unique biological properties and ability to deliver drugs in a stable and sustainable manner. Despite these advances, there are still concerns about quality, efficacy, and safety. Many fabrication techniques still need to be refined to address the complex structures and non-standard manufacturing processes that can impact the quality of drug delivery systems. Recently, optimization techniques such as Quality by Design (QbD) have gained popularity in the pharmaceutical industry. QbD is a structured approach that addresses many technological and trait-related issues by providing a deep understanding of the product and its operations. This review examines the current state of QbD in the design of various nano-drug delivery systems, including lipid nanoparticles, lipid carriers, nano micelles, beaded drug delivery systems, nanospheres, cubosomes, and novel cosmeceuticals. Various mathematical models and statistical tests have been used to identify the parameters that influence the physical characteristics of these nanosystems. Critical process attributes such as particle size, yield, and drug entrapment have been studied to assess risk factors during development. However, critical process parameters are often identified through trial and error. This review highlights common material attributes and process parameters that affect the quality of nano-drug delivery systems. Hence, this survey has dis.closed the various material attributes and process parameters, quality variables of different nano-drug systems. QbD designs such as Central drug composite, Design of experiment, D-optimal Design, Box-Benkhen Design, and Face center Design in optimizing the nanosystems have also been added. Conclusively, QbD optimization in nano drug delivery systems is expected to be a time-honored strategy in the forthcoming years.