社区主导的加拿大西部印第安人寄宿学校无标记坟墓调查综述、现状报告和最佳实践

IF 2.1 3区 地球科学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Archaeological Prospection Pub Date : 2023-10-26 DOI:10.1002/arp.1914
Brian Whiting
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引用次数: 0

摘要

加拿大历史的一部分现在正在讨论的是印第安寄宿学校(IRSs)和密切相关的机构的遗产。在它们200多年的历史中,大部分都是由各种教会或宗教组织经营的,其中许多是由政府直接资助(并最终由政府经营)的。土著儿童在这些学校上学是强制性的,并且以文化同化的名义故意让儿童远离他们的文化基础、母语和家庭。大量长期存在的证据证明,这些学校存在虐待、忽视和高死亡率。大多数或所有学校都有墓地,其中许多已经被忽视和/或随着时间的推移而丢失。记录在学校死亡学生的人数、姓名和埋葬地点已成为国家的优先事项。自2021年以来,人们对这项工作的兴趣加快了,这在很大程度上是由于媒体宣布在各个学校遗址发现了潜在的未标记坟墓。在全国范围内,许多学校正在计划或正在进行对未标记坟墓的地球物理调查。相关的研究正在根据档案记录、幸存者陈述和其他证据,试图记录学生死亡的程度和性质。根据政府的建议和土著社区的要求,这些搜索由受影响的社区领导。本文简要介绍了正在进行的工作要素,部分基于作者个人参与的多次IRS搜索以及由此产生的与当地社区的直接参与。这一贡献包括历史背景,社区参与/领导的广泛概述,以及加拿大考古社区和其他全国性组织颁布的地球物理调查最佳实践的建议改进。
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Community‐led investigations of unmarked graves at Indian residential schools in Western Canada—overview, status report and best practices
Abstract Part of Canadian history that is now being addressed is the legacy of Indian residential schools (IRSs) and closely related institutions. For most of their 200‐year‐plus history, these were run by various churches or religious organizations, and many were directly funded (and eventually run) by government. Attendance by Indigenous children at these schools was made compulsory, and children were deliberately taken far from their cultural base, native language and family in the name of cultural assimilation. Abundant and longstanding evidence has documented abuse, neglect and high rates of death at the schools. Most or all schools had cemeteries, many of which have fallen into neglect and/or been lost through time. Documenting the numbers, names and burial locations of students who died at the schools has become a national priority. Since 2021, interest in this work has accelerated, due in large part by media announcements of geophysical findings of potential unmarked graves at various school sites. Geophysical surveys for unmarked graves are planned or underway at a large number of school sites nationwide. Related lines of research are seeking to document the extent and nature of student deaths based on archival records, survivor accounts and other lines of evidence. As suggested by government and demanded by Indigenous communities, these searches are being led by the affected communities. This paper represents a snapshot of elements of the work in progress, based in part on the personal participation of the author in multiple IRS searches and resulting direct involvement with local communities. Included in this contribution are a historic context, broad overview of community participation/leadership and suggested refinements to geophysical survey best practices that have been promulgated by the Canadian archaeological community and other nationwide organizations.
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来源期刊
Archaeological Prospection
Archaeological Prospection 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
3.90
自引率
11.10%
发文量
31
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The scope of the Journal will be international, covering urban, rural and marine environments and the full range of underlying geology. The Journal will contain articles relating to the use of a wide range of propecting techniques, including remote sensing (airborne and satellite), geophysical (e.g. resistivity, magnetometry) and geochemical (e.g. organic markers, soil phosphate). Reports and field evaluations of new techniques will be welcomed. Contributions will be encouraged on the application of relevant software, including G.I.S. analysis, to the data derived from prospection techniques and cartographic analysis of early maps. Reports on integrated site evaluations and follow-up site investigations will be particularly encouraged. The Journal will welcome contributions, in the form of short (field) reports, on the application of prospection techniques in support of comprehensive land-use studies. The Journal will, as appropriate, contain book reviews, conference and meeting reviews, and software evaluation. All papers will be subjected to peer review.
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