观点和评论:犊牛饲养和营养的主要变量和随后的性能

IF 1.4 Q3 AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE Applied Animal Science Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI:10.15232/aas.2023-02453
A.F. Kertz, PAS
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引用次数: 0

摘要

我的目的是对犊牛喂养时的主要营养变量进行批判性分析,并提供实际应用。资料来源采用同行评议的科学文献、研究摘要以及奶牛和小牛牧场运营的实地经验。在美国,给奶牛喂各种各样的液体,而且通常是混合喂养。了解和测量成分和固体含量是至关重要的,并确保所喂液体的一致性和喂养方式。避免超过15%的固体,以尽量减少由于渗透压引起的消化不适。传统的早期断奶方案和20%粗蛋白质/20%脂肪代乳剂(MR)已被更高粗蛋白质代乳剂取代,并在断奶前饲喂更高水平的饲料,从而提高日增重。考虑到MR饲料(及其脂肪水平)与犊牛发菜(CS)摄入量之间的反比关系,那么面临的挑战是在断奶前足够早地适度MR饲料,以确保断奶前足够的CS摄入量,从而优化瘤胃功能发育,最大限度地减少断奶后的衰退。结论与应用饲喂质地良好的瘤胃可优化瘤胃功能发育,避免在断奶前饲喂饲料或粗饲料。过早饲喂过多的饲料会损害瘤胃的发育,并使真正的体重增加与肠道填充相混淆。水是犊牛最必需的营养物质,需要量最大。相对于DMI,它的消耗比例约为4:1。确保水和CS容器物理分离,以避免相互污染,并有更好的摄入量和性能。在寒冷的天气里,喂温水。在奶牛场中,如果喂养和管理得当,小牛最有效地将营养转化为生长。
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PERSPECTIVE AND COMMENTARY: Dairy calf feeding and nutrition major variables and subsequent performance

Purpose

My objective was to provide a critical analysis of the major nutrition variables when feeding dairy calves and to provide practical applications.

Sources

Peer-reviewed scientific literature, research abstracts, and field experiences in dairy and calf ranch operations were used.

Synthesis

A variety of liquids are fed to dairy calves in the United States, and most often, they are fed in combinations. It is critical to know and measure composition and solids levels, and to ensure consistency in what liquid is fed and how it is fed. Avoid greater than 15% solids to minimize digestive upsets due to osmolality. Traditional early weaning programs and 20% CP/20% fat milk replacer (MR) have been replaced with higher CP MR and fed at higher levels resulting in more ADG prior to weaning. Given the inverse relationship between MR fed (and its fat level) and calf starter (CS) intake, the challenge then is to moderate MR feeding early enough prior to weaning to ensure adequate CS intake prior to weaning to optimize functional rumen development and minimize postweaning slump.

Conclusions and Applications

Feed a well-texturized CS to optimize functional rumen development and avoid needing to feed forage or roughage prior to weaning. Too much forage fed too soon impairs rumen development and confounds true BW gain with gut fill. Water is the most essential nutrient needed in the greatest quantity by dairy calves. It is consumed at about 4:1 relative to DMI. Ensure water and CS containers are physically separated to avoid contamination of each in the other and to have better intake and performance. In colder weather, feed warm water. Calves are most efficient in converting nutrients to growth on a dairy farm when properly fed and managed.

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来源期刊
Applied Animal Science
Applied Animal Science AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE-
CiteScore
3.00
自引率
6.70%
发文量
68
期刊最新文献
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