Searching for novel MDM2/MDMX dual inhibitors through a drug repurposing approach.

Disruption of p53-MDM2/MDMX interaction by smaller inhibitors is a promising therapeutic intervention gaining tremendous interest. However, no MDM2/MDMX inhibitors have been marketed so far. Drug repurposing is a validated, practical approach to drug discovery. In this regard, we employed structure-based virtual screening in a reservoir of marketed drugs and identified nintedanib as a new MDM2/MDMX dual inhibitor. The computational structure analysis and biochemical experiments uncover that nintedanib binds MDM2/MDMX similarly to RO2443, a dual MDM2/MDMX inhibitor. Furthermore, the mechanistic study reveals that nintedanib disrupts the physical interaction of p53-MDM2/MDMX, enabling the transcriptional activation of p53 and the subsequent cell cycle arrest and growth inhibition in p53^+/+ cancer cells. Lastly, structural minimisation of nintedanib yields H3 with the equivalent potency. In summary, this work provides a solid foundation for reshaping nintedanib as a valuable lead compound for the further design of MDM2/MDMX dual inhibitors.