Fe and S isotopes variation of pyrite from hydrothermal mineralization in the Zijinshan region in Fujian Province, SE China

The Zijinshan district, Fujian Province, southeastern China, is a globally renowned CuAu orefield and hosts a wide variety of ore deposits within the Zijinshan granite complex and surrounding volcano-sedimentary rocks. We performed FeS isotope analysis on pyrite separates from the Zijinshan high-sulfidation epithermal deposit, Yueyang intermediate-sulfidation epithermal deposit, Wuziqilong transition-type (from high-sulfidation epithermal to porphyry) deposit, and Jintonghu porphyry CuMo deposit, aiming to understand the formation process of Fe-sulfides and the evolution of ore-forming fluids in different deposits. Pyrites from the Jintonghu porphyry CuMo deposit show variations in δ⁵⁶Fe and δ³⁴S from −0.15 ‰ to 0. 45 ‰, and from 1.81 ‰ to 2.70 ‰, respectively. In contrast, pyrites from epithermal-type deposits (i.e., Zijinshan, Yueyang, and Wuziqilong) show a negatively shifted Fe isotopic composition from −1.74 ‰ to 0.45 ‰. The combination of Fe isotopic data from the Jintonghu porphyry CuMo deposit with published minerals-fluid fractionation factors and the use of a Rayleigh fractionation model allowed us to determine the δ⁵⁶Fe range of regional ore-forming fluids (−1.00 ‰ to −0.40 ‰), which is consistent with the previous “light fluid” hypothesis, suggesting that pyrite of porphyry CuMo deposits has isotopic compositions reflecting the isotopic value of the hydrothermal fluids. For the epithermal deposits, pyrite Fe isotopic composition is the result of a complex interaction of Rayleigh fractionation, rapid precipitation and kinetic fractionation, and δ⁵⁶Fe values of the initial fluids is difficult to estimate. Integrating the Fe and S isotope data for pyrite of different genesis, we found that porphyry CuMo deposits (δ⁵⁶Fe: −0.9 ‰ to 0.46 ‰; δ³⁴S: −4.06 ‰ to 3.9 ‰) can be distinguished from a non-magmatic/low-temperature region, while the transitional area of which may be a porphyry-related hydrothermal deposit (i.e., epithermal deposit). In general, we suggest that the Fe and S isotopic signatures of pyrite can effectively distinguish porphyry-type deposits from their associated hydrothermal deposits.