A narrative literature review of remaining male reproductive health concerns as an aspect of persistent/late-onset complications of COVID-19

Although COVID-19 infection has dropped across the world and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been developed, global concerns remain about the disease’s long-term health consequences. The purpose of this research was to review the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 on male health, particularly the reproductive system and the pathogenic mechanisms affecting male infertility. Improving knowledge on these issues may help in considering to which extent some of the remaining concerns should be addressed. The primary target of this disease is the pulmonary system, but reproductive organs may be targeted by the virus. To enter host cells, the virus utilizes both ACE2 and TMPRSS2, which are differentially expressed in the spermatogonial stem, Leydig, and Sertoli cells, thereby providing possible testicular vulnerability. COVID-19-related stress and psychological distress may also affect aspects of male reproductive health. Since some pathological effects of COVID-19 infection and dysregulations are linked to infertility, more attention is needed to determine whether such dysregulations regress following infection decline.