A review of large-scale climate indicators (LSCI) and their environmental and health implications in the Mediterranean region

Large-scale climate indicators (LSCI) refer to the intricate connections between the atmosphere, oceans, and continents in specific regions. To comprehend the relationship between these vital indicators and atmospheric and climate variability, it is crucial to explore them in detail. The objective of the present study is to gather and review relevant research on LSCI in the Mediterranean area to gain a better understanding of their impacts on atmospheric variability, climate, air quality, ecosystems, and health in the region. Numerous studies have explored LSCI and their effects in the study area, and our work aims to contribute to the existing literature in this context. Our study concludes that LSCI are linked to spatial atmospheric variability in the Mediterranean region. They influence the spatial and temporal distribution of climate and environmental variability, including temperature, rainfall, extreme events, cyclones and storms, and air pollution. Some studies have demonstrated the effects of LSCI on ecosystems, such as forests and river basins in the region. However, research on their impacts on human health is limited. Additionally, the application of LSCI involves various formulations and explanations of their potential developments, primarily explaining atmospheric complex systems and the effort required to comprehend their implications for the environment and health. This review highlights recent progress made in defining, formulating, and calculating LSCI in the Mediterranean area. The most critical functions and characteristics of LSCI are also discussed. Understanding LSCI and their applications is the first step towards developing a health warning system, starting with monitoring atmospheric dynamics and culminating in managing human health responses.