Non-decreasing monotonic effects of cerium and gadolinium on tellurite glasses toward enhanced heavy-charged particle stopping: alpha-proton particles as major a part of cosmic radiation

Charged particles have been extensively utilized in medical physics as well as in numerous radiation investigations, including cosmic radiation, which is formed of nearly 99% alpha and protons. In this study, lithium-borotellurite glasses strengthened through cerium (IV) oxide (TBLC groups) and gadolinium (III) oxide (TBLG group) are examined on mass stopping power, projected range, and KERMA parameters over the kinetic energy range from 0 to 10 MesV. SRIM and PAGEX code are utilized for determining the critical parameters. The TBLG20 sample with the greatest material density as well as Gd reinforcement is reported with the highest KERMA value. TBLG20 sample consistently yields the lowest values for the mass stopping power values obtained for alpha and protons. Moreover, alpha and proton mass stopping power values are reported to be the lowest for the TBLG20 sample. The lowest projected range values are observed for the TBLG20 sample with the greatest amount of Gd addition. This noticeable difference confirms the superiority observed in KERMA and mass stopping power values and is attributed to the maximal Gd contribution. It can be concluded that Gd reinforcement into tellurite glasses may provide a non-decreasing monotonic effect on stopping power properties of high-density tellurite glasses.