消除活化过程中的运气和偶然性:活性炭热活化的系统性定量研究

C Pub Date : 2023-12-02 DOI:10.3390/c9040115
Karthik Rathinam, V. Mauer, C. Bläker, C. Pasel, Lucas Landwehrkamp, D. Bathen, S. Panglisch
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引用次数: 0

摘要

越来越多的环境问题,更严格的法律要求,以及广泛的工业应用,导致全球对活性炭的需求不断增长。新鲜活性炭的能源密集型生产导致大量的二氧化碳排放,并有助于全球对可再生碳基原材料的竞争。尽管对废活性炭的(热)再活化可以大大减少对新鲜材料的需求,但再活化过程本身仍然主要基于活性炭公司的经验和经验知识。尽管在该领域发表了大量的论文,但关于热再活化过程的实际相关的、系统的和定量的知识却很少。本文提出了一种简单而稳健的方法,用于开发在能量优化条件下具有确定产品质量的再生活性炭生产的预测模型。在专门设计的实验室回转窑中,对一个废旧活性炭样品进行了26次再活化实验,并用实验统计设计对实验进行了规划和评价。考察了加热速率、加热时间、H2O/N2体积比和CO2/N2体积比对二苯甲酸比表面积、能耗、收率和吸附量的影响。再生活性炭的BET表面积在590 ~ 769 m2/g之间,而新鲜活性炭的BET表面积为843 m2/g。由Langmuir方程得到的最大固相浓度qm对二苯甲酸的吸附量在24.4 g/kg ~ 69.7 g/kg之间变化(新鲜碳59.6 g/kg)。利用数学表达式可以描述质量准则对不同再激活参数的依赖关系,而采用非线性回归的响应面方法建立模型。在统计优化的条件下进行再活化实验,节能高达65%,而再活化样品的性能接近预测值。
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Eliminating Luck and Chance in the Reactivation Process: A Systematic and Quantitative Study of the Thermal Reactivation of Activated Carbons
Increasing environmental concerns, stricter legal requirements, and a wide range of industrial applications have led to growing demand for activated carbon worldwide. The energy-intensive production of fresh activated carbon causes significant CO2 emissions and contributes to global competition for renewable carbon-based raw materials. Although (thermal) reactivation of spent activated carbon can drastically reduce the demand for fresh material, the reactivation process itself is still mostly based on experience and empirical knowledge locked into activated carbon companies. Despite the vast number of papers published in the field, practically relevant, systematic, and quantitative knowledge on the thermal reactivation process is barely available. This paper presents a simple and robust methodology for the development of a predictive model for the production of reactivated carbon with a defined product quality under energetically optimized conditions. An exhausted activated carbon sample was subjected to 26 reactivation experiments in a specially designed laboratory rotary kiln, whereas the experiments were planned and evaluated with statistical design of experiments. The influence of the reactivation conditions (heating rate, heating time, H2O/N2 volume ratio, and CO2/N2 volume ratio) on the specific surface area, energy consumption, yield, and adsorption capacity for diatrizoic acid were evaluated. The BET surface of the reactivated carbons ranged between 590 m2/g and 769 m2/g, whereas the respective fresh carbon had a BET surface of 843 m2/g. The adsorption capacity for diatrizoic acid measured as the maximum solid phase concentration qm derived from the Langmuir equation varied between 24.4 g/kg and 69.7 g/kg (fresh carbon: 59.6 g/kg). It was possible to describe the dependency of the quality criteria on different reactivation parameters using mathematical expressions, whereas the response surface methodology with nonlinear regression was applied to build the models. A reactivation experiment under statistically optimized conditions resulted in energy savings up to 65%, whereas the properties of the reactivated sample were close to the predicted values.
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