{"title":"利范特岛南部谢菲拉的植物历史:中金铜时代-赫伦王朝时期(约公元前 2000 年至公元前 100 年)","authors":"Minji Jin, Oded Lipschits, Dafna Langgut","doi":"10.1111/ojoa.12287","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Although the Shephelah region (Israel) is of a great archaeological significance and has been intensively excavated, very little is known about its landscape history. This study presents two large-scale charred wood assemblages (>2300 items) that were recovered from Tel Azekah and Tel Lachish in order to reconstruct the ancient vegetation of the Shephelah. The two assemblages cover a temporal range from the Middle Bronze Age through the Hellenistic period (c.2000–100 BC). This new diachronic environmental investigation demonstrates that the natural arboreal vegetation in the Shephelah was dominated by oak and pistachio. From the perspective of the regional fruit tree horticulture, olive was the dominant component, indicating that the region included extensive olive orchards. Other documented fruit trees are grapevine, fig, sycamore fig, carob, date palm and almond. The high frequencies of olive remains throughout all investigated periods point to climatic conditions in the region being close to what we are facing today, with at least 400–450 mm of annual precipitation, which is required for a profitable grove. During the Iron Age II, the proportion of olive remains reached its zenith, most probably as a result of Assyrian agroeconomic management that assigned the Shephelah to olive oil production. At the same time, a reduction in natural Mediterranean trees was identified, representing intense human pressure on the natural environment. The discovery of charred cedar of Lebanon remains only at Lachish points to the high status of the site within the region.","PeriodicalId":46185,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Journal of Archaeology","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.7000,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"THE VEGETATION HISTORY OF THE SHEPHELAH, SOUTHERN LEVANT: MIDDLE BRONZE AGE–HELLENISTIC PERIOD (c.2000–100 BC)\",\"authors\":\"Minji Jin, Oded Lipschits, Dafna Langgut\",\"doi\":\"10.1111/ojoa.12287\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Although the Shephelah region (Israel) is of a great archaeological significance and has been intensively excavated, very little is known about its landscape history. This study presents two large-scale charred wood assemblages (>2300 items) that were recovered from Tel Azekah and Tel Lachish in order to reconstruct the ancient vegetation of the Shephelah. The two assemblages cover a temporal range from the Middle Bronze Age through the Hellenistic period (c.2000–100 BC). This new diachronic environmental investigation demonstrates that the natural arboreal vegetation in the Shephelah was dominated by oak and pistachio. From the perspective of the regional fruit tree horticulture, olive was the dominant component, indicating that the region included extensive olive orchards. Other documented fruit trees are grapevine, fig, sycamore fig, carob, date palm and almond. The high frequencies of olive remains throughout all investigated periods point to climatic conditions in the region being close to what we are facing today, with at least 400–450 mm of annual precipitation, which is required for a profitable grove. During the Iron Age II, the proportion of olive remains reached its zenith, most probably as a result of Assyrian agroeconomic management that assigned the Shephelah to olive oil production. At the same time, a reduction in natural Mediterranean trees was identified, representing intense human pressure on the natural environment. The discovery of charred cedar of Lebanon remains only at Lachish points to the high status of the site within the region.\",\"PeriodicalId\":46185,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Oxford Journal of Archaeology\",\"volume\":\"14 1\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.7000,\"publicationDate\":\"2023-12-19\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Oxford Journal of Archaeology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1111/ojoa.12287\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"历史学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"0\",\"JCRName\":\"ARCHAEOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Oxford Journal of Archaeology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ojoa.12287","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"0","JCRName":"ARCHAEOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
尽管谢菲拉地区(以色列)具有重要的考古意义并已被大量发掘,但人们对其地貌历史却知之甚少。本研究介绍了从 Tel Azekah 和 Tel Lachish 发掘出的两批大型炭化木材(2300 件),以重建谢菲拉地区的古代植被。这两批物品涵盖了从青铜时代中期到希腊化时期(约公元前 2000 年至公元前 100 年)的时间范围。这项新的异时空环境调查表明,谢菲拉的天然树栖植被以橡树和开心果为主。从该地区果树园艺的角度来看,橄榄树是主要的组成部分,这表明该地区有大量的橄榄果园。其他有记载的果树有葡萄树、无花果、无花果树、角豆树、枣椰树和杏树。橄榄树在所有调查时期的高频率出现表明,该地区的气候条件与我们今天所面临的气候条件接近,年降水量至少为 400-450 毫米,这对于一个有利可图的果园来说是必需的。在铁器时代二期,橄榄树遗迹的比例达到了顶峰,这很可能是亚述人将谢菲拉地区用于橄榄油生产的农业经济管理的结果。与此同时,人们发现地中海天然树木减少,这表明人类对自然环境施加了巨大压力。只有在拉琪什发现了烧焦的黎巴嫩雪松残骸,这说明该遗址在该地区的地位很高。
THE VEGETATION HISTORY OF THE SHEPHELAH, SOUTHERN LEVANT: MIDDLE BRONZE AGE–HELLENISTIC PERIOD (c.2000–100 BC)
Although the Shephelah region (Israel) is of a great archaeological significance and has been intensively excavated, very little is known about its landscape history. This study presents two large-scale charred wood assemblages (>2300 items) that were recovered from Tel Azekah and Tel Lachish in order to reconstruct the ancient vegetation of the Shephelah. The two assemblages cover a temporal range from the Middle Bronze Age through the Hellenistic period (c.2000–100 BC). This new diachronic environmental investigation demonstrates that the natural arboreal vegetation in the Shephelah was dominated by oak and pistachio. From the perspective of the regional fruit tree horticulture, olive was the dominant component, indicating that the region included extensive olive orchards. Other documented fruit trees are grapevine, fig, sycamore fig, carob, date palm and almond. The high frequencies of olive remains throughout all investigated periods point to climatic conditions in the region being close to what we are facing today, with at least 400–450 mm of annual precipitation, which is required for a profitable grove. During the Iron Age II, the proportion of olive remains reached its zenith, most probably as a result of Assyrian agroeconomic management that assigned the Shephelah to olive oil production. At the same time, a reduction in natural Mediterranean trees was identified, representing intense human pressure on the natural environment. The discovery of charred cedar of Lebanon remains only at Lachish points to the high status of the site within the region.
期刊介绍:
Covering the whole range of archaeology, from Palaeolithic to medieval times, the Oxford Journal of Archaeology is the premier English language journal of European, Mediterranean and western Asian archaeology. Publishing four issues a year, it provides topical coverage of current research in Prehistoric, Classical and later periods, with contributions from an international cast of academics and field workers. It encourages debate and is essential reading for anyone studying the archaeology of these areas. The journal does not accept or undertake book reviews.