The Impact of Training Based on the Pender Health Promotion Model on Self-Efficacy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: The concept of self-efficacy is a determining factor in many behaviours related to health promotion and health education. Several pilot studies have been conducted in different parts of the world on different populations regarding the impact of training based on the Pender Health Promotion Model on self-efficacy, yielding conflicting results. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted with the aim of evaluating and summarizing the results of studies on the impact of training based on the Pender Health Promotion Model on self-efficacy.

Data source: MagIran, SID, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science (WoS), Scopus and Google Scholar.

Study inclusion and exclusion criteria: Original scientific research articles; Interventional studies; Studies investigating the effects of education based on the Pender Health Promotion Model on self-efficacy; Studies irrelevant to the objective; Cross-sectional studies; case reports; and papers presented in conferences; letters to the editor; systematic and meta-analysis studies.

Data extraction: Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the quality of the 18 included studies using a pre-prepared checklist for the systematic review and meta-analysis process.

Data synthesis: We conducted meta-analyses and reported the characteristics, outcomes, and risk of bias of studies.

Methods: The present study was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines until December 2022. The quality assessment of the included articles for meta-analysis was performed using the JBI checklist. Heterogeneity of the studies was calculated using the I² statistics, and Egger's regression intercept was used to assess publication bias.

Results: In the initial search, 13,943 studies were found, and after excluding studies irrelevant to the research objective, a total of 18 articles were included in the meta-analysis. These articles represented a sample size of 1015 individuals in the intervention group and 999 individuals in the control group. The combined results of the studies showed a significant increase in self-efficacy in the intervention group when compared to the control group (1.788 ± .267; CI: 95%, P < .001). With an increase in the year of study and the quality assessment score of the articles, the effect of the intervention decreased (P < .001).

Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that training based on the Pender Health Promotion Model significantly increased self-efficacy. Therefore, it seems that training based on this model can have positive effects on individuals' self-efficacy.