Efficacy of ketogenic and low-carbohydrate diets in the management of Type 2 diabetes: A narrative review

Obesity and diabetes represent two prevalent metabolic challenges intricately linked to poor dietary habits and a sedentary lifestyle. The escalating incidence of both conditions in recent years has approached epidemic proportions, with concomitant associations observed in individuals with excessive body weight, including hypertension and cancer. In response to this growing health concern, treatment approaches such as food therapy are deemed necessary. A pivotal aspect in managing these conditions is the careful selection of an appropriate diet to facilitate effective weight loss while minimizing potential adverse effects. Consequently, the ketogenic diet (KD) has garnered attention and support in the treatment of obesity and diabetes. This review aims to discern the potential advantages and risks associated with the utilization of a low-carbohydrate diet in Type 2 diabetic patients. It is well-established that dietary choices significantly impact the health of diabetic patients, and therefore, adopting an appropriate diet is crucial. The KD has demonstrated positive effects on blood sugar levels and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, concurrently contributing to a reduction in insulin requirements during medication therapy. Furthermore, short-term experiments have revealed a positive association between nutrition choices and weight management. Beneficial improvements have been noted in the lipid profiles, including high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, HbA1c, and triglyceride levels. For individuals grappling with diabetes or obesity, a low-carbohydrate diet emerges as a genuine and potentially beneficial therapy option. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts influencing the treatment of obesity and Type 2 diabetic patients through low-carbohydrate diets.