Indian Medicinal Plants for the Management of Endometriosis: A Comprehensive Review on their phytopharmacology

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disorder characterized by the aberrant growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, resulting in severe pain and infertility. Conventional treatments often come with limitations and side effects, prompting a quest for alternative therapies. Medicinal plants, integral to traditional medicine systems, have emerged as potential solutions. This review delves into the phytopharmacology and chemistry of medicinal plants employed in endometriosis treatment. An exhaustive search revealed pertinent studies concerning medicinal plant use in endometriosis treatment. These studies were scrutinized for their phytopharmacological attributes and active chemical constituents. Numerous medicinal plants exhibited anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and hormone-regulating properties, pivotal in endometriosis management. Mechanisms encompassed the suppression of inflammatory mediators, modulation of estrogen signaling, mitigation of oxidative stress, and enhancement of immune function. Furthermore, key chemical constituents responsible for these effects were pinpointed and classified into classes such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds. These bioactive agents elicited their actions via diverse molecular targets, including cyclooxygenase enzymes, estrogen receptors, nuclear factor-kappa B, and reactive oxygen species. The findings underscore the potential of medicinal plants as adjunct therapies for endometriosis. Nonetheless, additional preclinical and clinical investigations are imperative to substantiate their efficacy, safety, and optimal dosing. Grasping the phytopharmacology and chemistry of medicinal plants in endometriosis treatment lays the groundwork for novel therapeutic agent development, spotlighting the capacity of natural products to combat this intricate gynecological ailment.