From soil to host: Discovering the tripartite interactions between entomopathogenic nematodes, symbiotic bacteria and insect pests and related challenges

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are emerging as key agents in ecological networks, exhibiting a wide range of interactions with other biotic components, in particular their symbiotic relationships with the bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus. This comprehensive study reveals their global distribution and local benefits and highlights their historical background and taxonomic grouping. The importance of the secreted compounds of EPNs in pest management is highlighted by an in-depth exploration of their potential as biocontrol agents. The complex interactions between nematodes and endosymbiotic bacteria are dissected to understand their mutualistic relationships and subsequent effects on host organisms. The strategies used by EPNs to locate, recognize, and invade hosts will be carefully analyzed to understand their pathogenic phase and the resulting immune responses elicited in insect hosts. Infection strategies employed by the EPN-bacteria complex will be examined to assess their efficacy and real-world challenges. The challenges associated with the effective use of EPNs, including environmental constraints and the need for improved efficacy, will be thoroughly investigated to propose viable solutions. This study paves the way for harnessing the biocontrol potential of EPNs and provides a robust framework for future research to improve the efficacy of EPNs in sustainable agriculture and pest management while addressing the challenges identified.