Crossroads of Faith and Politics: Understanding Vatican-China Relations in the 21st Century

This article offers a thorough analysis of the diplomatic relations between the Vatican and China, particularly focusing on the developments and challenges in the early 21st century. It explores the historical context of Catholicism in China, the complexities surrounding bishop appointments, the duality of open and underground churches, and the geopolitical intricacies of addressing the "two-China" issue. The 2018 Provisional Agreement on Bishops' Appointments between the Vatican and China is scrutinized as an important milestone, shedding light on its implications for future Sino-Vatican diplomacy. The article assesses how this agreement has impacted the Catholic Church in China by considering ongoing challenges related to religious freedom, governmental influence, and broader geopolitical dynamics. It concludes by reflecting on potential future prospects for Vatican-China relations, emphasizing continued dialogue and negotiation to ensure safety for Catholic communities in China while securing stability in their relationship with both states.