Study of Immunobiological Aspects of Allergic Rhinitis

The condition of allergic rhinitis involves a complex interaction between the immune system and certain allergens. The main process begins with sensitization, in which susceptible individuals develop an immune response to an allergen, often involving the production of IgE specific to that allergen. Mast cells and Th2 cells play a central role in the allergic response, with the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13. Histamine, produced mainly by mast cells, causes typical symptoms of allergic rhinitis such as a runny nose, itching, sneezing, and nasal congestion. In addition, eosinophils, a specific type of white blood cell, gather in nasal tissues and contribute to chronic inflammation. Activation of eosinophils by cytokines such as IL-5 can cause tissue damage and prolong inflammation. This process creates a cycle of allergic responses that can be amplified with each subsequent exposure to the allergen. Sensitization, IgE production, release of inflammatory mediators, and tissue damage all together form the immunobiology basis of allergic rhinitis.