Breeding ecology, helpers presence, habitat use and trophic activity of the Greater Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla: five years of study in Central Adriatic Italy

The Greater Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla is a migrant bird, considered of conservation concern, but poorly studied in Italy about his breeding ecology and habitat use. In this work, we aimed to study both of these components in the airfield of Fano (Central Italy, Marches, Pesaro-Urbino province). The study, relating to the 2018-2022 reproductive seasons, describes the nesting habitat used by the species, providing also data about the plants on which the species feed on. We hypothsized the importance of the choice of fenced areas for the less predation and we highlighted the presences of young helpers in the feeding of the second brood. Furthermore, we observed the formation of crèches for the young fledglings, controlled by some adult males. It’s confirmed here a semi-colonial condition that leading to the formation of extra-family groups before migration. The study area turns out to be the main reproductive colony of the species in the Marches region, with an average density of 1.5 pairs per 10 ha (maximum 2.4), one of the best know in central Italy.