Techno-economic and Life Cycle Analysis of the Modern Upstream Sustainable Lithium Supply Chain

Lithium is a vital resource needed for the electric vehicle (EV) transition. However, most of the mining and subsequent processing is centralized in a few countries. The United States will need to secure lithium resources to expand its EV production capacity. Additionally, in developed countries, it will not suffice just to supply lithium, but to ensure that its production is conducted under fair labor standards and environmental regulations while being at an economically viable price. In the United States, only one player has emerged that can mine and refine a substantial amount of lithium: Lithium Americas. They have tested and refined their process so that it minimizes waste and energy consumption, does not negatively impact the locale, and is economical to boot. As a result, Lithium Americas is poised to become a major player in the lithium industry and is well-positioned to capitalize on the growing demand for the mineral. Our goal is to capitalize on their previous work, highlight their sustainability and positive impacts, and set a benchmark for future mines and processing plants.