影响鸡骨强度的因素

A. Azovtseva, N. Dementieva
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摘要

目的:研究积累的有关科斯佳克堡垒遗传决定论的数据,并讨论利用这些数据改善家禽养殖业的可能性。在肉用家禽和蛋用家禽中,骨骼强度是动物福利的一个重要特征,其经济效益在很大程度上取决于此。骨骼强度不足表现为骨骼脆弱、变形或骨折,在某些饲养技术和家禽产品加工过程中都会发生,并伴随着经济损失。除饲养条件外,骨组织的质量和强度是由一系列复杂的结构、生理、营养和建筑成分相互作用形成的。家禽骨强度的研究也因繁殖的特殊性而变得复杂。产蛋决定了成骨的某些特征,包括髓质骨的形成,髓质骨沉积的钙质用于蛋壳的形成。迄今为止,骨强度的实际评估是在死后通过测量骨矿物质密度和断裂强度进行的。这两种方法都无法将被评估动物用于育种以提高骨强度,因此,研究这一性状的遗传决定因素是一项相关的研究任务。使用基于 DNA 技术的现代信息分析是确定控制骨强度的候选基因的必要步骤,因为它们能够提高家禽的选择效率。本综述讨论了针对家禽骨强度的全基因组关联研究(GWAS)的现有结果,以及骨强度与产蛋量和初生日龄等性状之间关系的现有数据。
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Factors affecting chicken bone strength
Purpose: to study the accumulated data on the genetic determinism of the Kostyak fortress and discuss the possibility of their use to improve poultry farming.In both meat-type and egg-type poultry, bone strength is an important characteristic of animal welfare, on which largely depends the economic efficiency. The lack of strength is expressed by bone fragility, deformations or fractures occurring both at certain technologies of animal housing and at processing of poultry products, which is accompanied by economic losses. The quality and strength of bone tissue is formed, in addition to housing conditions, by a complex set of interactions of structural, physiological, nutritional and architectural components. The study of poultry bone strength is also complicated by reproduction peculiarities. Egg laying determines some features of osteogenesis, including medullary bone formation, which deposit calcium for eggshell formation. To date, the actual assessment of bone strength occurs postmortem, by measuring bone mineral density and breaking strength. Both methods do not allow using the evaluated animals in breeding to improve bone strength, therefore the study of genetic determinants of this trait is a relevant research task. The use of modern information analysis based on DNA technologies is a necessary step for identification of candidate genes controlling bone strength, because of their ability to increase selection efficiency in poultry. This review discusses the available results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for bone strength in birds, as well as existing data on the relationship of bone strength with traits such as egg production and age at first lay.
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