光:影响动物研究的外在因素

Robert T Dauchy, John P Hanifin, George C Brainard, David E Blask
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引用次数: 0

摘要

光是一种外在于动物自身的环境因素,它对包括研究动物在内的所有动物的昼夜节律、神经激素、新陈代谢和神经行为系统的调节产生深远影响。光的这些广泛的生物效应是由不同的光感受器介导的--构成传统视觉系统的视杆细胞和视锥细胞,以及与视杆细胞和视锥细胞相互作用的非视觉系统中含有黑视蛋白的固有光敏视网膜神经节细胞(ipRGCs)。视觉系统中的视杆细胞和视锥细胞,以及非视觉系统中的ipRGCs,在视蛋白和视蛋白浓度方面是不同的物种,它们相互影响,提供视觉,并调节神经激素和神经行为对光的反应的昼夜节律。在此,我们将简要回顾照明技术的历史、光和昼夜节律的本质、我们目前对哺乳动物光感的理解,以及当前的行业实践和标准。我们还考虑了光对活体测量、生产和技术应用的影响,并提供了有关人工照明的简单建议,供监管机构、照明制造商、设计师、工程师、研究人员和研究动物护理人员使用,以确保优化动物健康和福祉的最佳实践,并最终改善科学成果。
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Light: An Extrinsic Factor Influencing Animal-based Research.

Light is an environmental factor that is extrinsic to animals themselves and that exerts a profound influence on the regulation of circadian, neurohormonal, metabolic, and neurobehavioral systems of all animals, including research animals. These widespread biologic effects of light are mediated by distinct photoreceptors-rods and cones that comprise the conventional visual system and melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) of the nonvisual system that interact with the rods and cones. The rods and cones of the visual system, along with the ipRGCs of the nonvisual system, are species distinct in terms of opsins and opsin concentrations and interact with one another to provide vision and regulate circadian rhythms of neurohormonal and neurobehavioral responses to light. Here, we review a brief history of lighting technologies, the nature of light and circadian rhythms, our present understanding of mammalian photoreception, and current industry practices and standards. We also consider the implications of light for vivarium measurement, production, and technological application and provide simple recommendations on artificial lighting for use by regulatory authorities, lighting manufacturers, designers, engineers, researchers, and research animal care staff that ensure best practices for optimizing animal health and well-being and, ultimately, improving scientific outcomes.

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American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners Position Statement: Handling and Physical Restraint of Research Animals. American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners Position Statement: Definition of Animal Welfare. Effect of Novel High-fat Diet Feeding Methods on Food Wastage, Weight Gain, Hair Coat Grease Accumulation, and Scratching Behavior in C57BL/6NCrl Mice. Identification and Treatment of Fur Mites (Radfordia lemnina) in California Deer Mice (Peromyscus californicus) Using Selamectin. American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners Position Statement: Animal Care Principles.
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