A specific BPS model for WMSDs: Revealing the influence degree and interaction of factors based on meta-analytic evaluation

The occurrence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) is influenced by various factors and significantly impacts workers' mobility and flexibility. However, the degrees of influence and the relationship of the influencing factors with WMSDs remain unclear. Therefore, it is quite important to propose a comprehensive analysis of underlying factors of WMSDs from a system perspective. In this study, we utilize a meta-analytic approach to conduct a comprehensive analysis. Specifically, we extend the Biological-psychological-social (BPS) model to investigate the main factors of WMSDs, thus illuminating the associations between these factors and their varying degrees of influence on WMSDs. Through a combination of qualitative development and quantitative meta-analysis, we propose a specific BPS model tailored to WMSDs. Our BPS model encompasses three main factors: psychological, social, and biological, and the biological factor is further categorized into adjustable and fixed sub-factors. The modeling results demonstrate that social factor and fixed biological factor are the main aspects that have a significant influence on WMSDs, while psychological factor mainly regulate the effect of adjustable biological factor on WMSD. Social factor also has a mediating effect between biological factors and WMSDs. Our study reveals interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors, and provides comprehensive and holistic guidance for WMSD prevention and intervention based on the extended BPS model. Moreover, we offer actionable suggestions for WMSD intervention. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of WMSDs and provides valuable insights for designing effective preventive measures and interventions to mitigate the impact of WMSDs on workers’ health and well-being.