塑料覆盖物对葡萄牙南部种植蓝莓的沙质壤土的长期影响

Filipe Pedra, M. Inácio, Paula Fareleira, Pedro Oliveira, Pablo Pereira, Corina Carranca
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摘要

农业中使用了大量塑料产品,包括容器、包装、隧道、滴灌管和地膜。大量塑料被用作蔬菜和水果生产(番茄、黄瓜、西瓜、草莓和葡萄)土壤表面的覆盖物,以减少杂草竞争,提高水和肥料的使用效率,并增加作物产量。葡萄牙每年使用约 4500 吨聚乙烯来覆盖约 23000 公顷的农田,但由于土壤、植被、杀虫剂和肥料的污染问题,只有少量聚乙烯被回收用于循环利用或二次利用。清洗和净化聚乙烯地膜的成本很高,而且商业技术往往无法获得或不经济。大多数塑料地膜由聚乙烯组成,降解缓慢,会在土壤中产生大量残留物,对环境造成负面影响。本研究评估了葡萄牙南部长期使用绿色 100% 高密度聚乙烯地膜种植蓝莓对土壤化学和生物变化的影响。与未覆盖地膜的裸露土壤相比,高密度绿色塑料地膜没有污染表层土壤中的邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己酯),种植行中的重金属、对接氮、有机碳浓度、电导率和微生物活性都显著降低。此外,塑料覆盖物的存在并没有对线虫的存在产生负面影响,而在种植行和覆盖行中,Rhabditida(细菌取食者)的数量有所增加。
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Long-Term Effects of Plastic Mulch in a Sandy Loam Soil Used to Cultivate Blueberry in Southern Portugal
Numerous plastic products are used in agriculture, including containers, packaging, tunnels, drip irrigation tubing, and mulches. Large amounts of plastics are used as mulches on the soil surface for vegetable and fruit production (tomato, cucumber, watermelon, strawberry, and vine) to reduce weed competition, increase water and fertilizer use efficiency, and enhance crop yield. Portugal uses around 4500 t/year of polyethylene to cover approximately 23,000 ha of agricultural land, and only a small amount is recovered for recycling or secondary uses because of issues of contamination with the soil, vegetation, pesticides, and fertilizers. Cleaning and decontaminating polyethylene mulch are costly, and commercial technology is often not accessible or economical. Most plastic mulch is composed of polyethylene that degrades slowly and produces a large quantity of residues in the soil, with a negative impact on the environment. In the present study, the effects of long-term cultivation of blueberry using green 100% high-density polyethylene mulch in the south Portugal were evaluated for soil chemical and biological changes. High-density green plastic mulch did not contaminate the topsoil with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and heavy metals, buttotal nitrogen, organic carbon concentrations, electric conductivity, and microbial activity were significantly reduced in the planting row compared with the bare soil without mulching. Furthermore, the presence of plastic mulch did not negatively affect the presence of nematodes, and the number of Rhabditida (bacterial feeders) increased in the planting and covered row.
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