Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel, Ikumi Sawada, Dhruba Shrestha, Yoshifumi Fukuya, Ganendra Bhakta Raya, Eric Ipyn Nébié, Yumiko Hayashi, Rasila Pasakhala, Motoi Suzuki, Konosuke Morimoto, Christopher M Parry, Koya Ariyoshi
{"title":"关于 2015 年尼泊尔地震后伤寒 Vi 囊多糖疫苗预防接种活动的描述和疫苗效果评估。","authors":"Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel, Ikumi Sawada, Dhruba Shrestha, Yoshifumi Fukuya, Ganendra Bhakta Raya, Eric Ipyn Nébié, Yumiko Hayashi, Rasila Pasakhala, Motoi Suzuki, Konosuke Morimoto, Christopher M Parry, Koya Ariyoshi","doi":"10.1186/s41182-024-00580-w","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A 7.8 R scale earthquake hit Nepal in April 2015 and caused about 9000 deaths along with damage to infrastructure, including the water and sewage system. Bhaktapur was one of the highly affected districts. A typhoid vaccination campaign (pre-emptive) was carried out among children who were living in the temporary shelters in this district. The assessment of vaccine effectiveness after a pre-emptive typhoid vaccine campaign following an earthquake has previously not been attempted in Nepal.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign and an evaluation of the vaccine effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign among children between 2 and 15 years of age dwelling in 23 temporary shelters in Bhaktapur district after the earthquake. Surveillance of clinical typhoid was carried out from 2014 to 2017 in Siddhi Memorial Hospital, the only hospital for children in the district. We calculated vaccine effectiveness using a case-control study design (clinical typhoid as cases and chest x-ray confirmed pneumonia as controls).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three thousand nine hundred sixteen children of age 2-15 years residing in the 23 temporary shelters in Bhaktapur received the typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine between July and December 2015. 2193 children of age 2-15 years were admitted to the hospital during the study period and 260 (11.9%) were diagnosed with clinical typhoid. The numbers of children admitted with clinical typhoid decreased over the study period (105 in 2014 and 47 in 2017; P = 0.001). Overall vaccine effectiveness was calculated at 52% (95% CI -46 to 85%), and it was 87% (95% CI -25 to 99) among children less than 5 years of age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We successfully conducted a pre-emptive vaccination campaign against typhoid after the 2015 Nepal earthquake. The pre-emptive vaccination campaign appeared to be more effective among children less than 5 years of age. Further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of pre-emptive use of typhoid vaccines in the emergency situations. We highlight the challenges of calculating vaccine effectiveness of a typhoid vaccine in an emergency setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":23311,"journal":{"name":"Tropical Medicine and Health","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.6000,"publicationDate":"2024-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823638/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"A description of a pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal and vaccine effectiveness evaluation.\",\"authors\":\"Bhim Gopal Dhoubhadel, Ikumi Sawada, Dhruba Shrestha, Yoshifumi Fukuya, Ganendra Bhakta Raya, Eric Ipyn Nébié, Yumiko Hayashi, Rasila Pasakhala, Motoi Suzuki, Konosuke Morimoto, Christopher M Parry, Koya Ariyoshi\",\"doi\":\"10.1186/s41182-024-00580-w\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><strong>Background: </strong>A 7.8 R scale earthquake hit Nepal in April 2015 and caused about 9000 deaths along with damage to infrastructure, including the water and sewage system. Bhaktapur was one of the highly affected districts. A typhoid vaccination campaign (pre-emptive) was carried out among children who were living in the temporary shelters in this district. The assessment of vaccine effectiveness after a pre-emptive typhoid vaccine campaign following an earthquake has previously not been attempted in Nepal.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign and an evaluation of the vaccine effectiveness.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign among children between 2 and 15 years of age dwelling in 23 temporary shelters in Bhaktapur district after the earthquake. Surveillance of clinical typhoid was carried out from 2014 to 2017 in Siddhi Memorial Hospital, the only hospital for children in the district. We calculated vaccine effectiveness using a case-control study design (clinical typhoid as cases and chest x-ray confirmed pneumonia as controls).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Three thousand nine hundred sixteen children of age 2-15 years residing in the 23 temporary shelters in Bhaktapur received the typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine between July and December 2015. 2193 children of age 2-15 years were admitted to the hospital during the study period and 260 (11.9%) were diagnosed with clinical typhoid. The numbers of children admitted with clinical typhoid decreased over the study period (105 in 2014 and 47 in 2017; P = 0.001). Overall vaccine effectiveness was calculated at 52% (95% CI -46 to 85%), and it was 87% (95% CI -25 to 99) among children less than 5 years of age.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We successfully conducted a pre-emptive vaccination campaign against typhoid after the 2015 Nepal earthquake. The pre-emptive vaccination campaign appeared to be more effective among children less than 5 years of age. Further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of pre-emptive use of typhoid vaccines in the emergency situations. We highlight the challenges of calculating vaccine effectiveness of a typhoid vaccine in an emergency setting.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":23311,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Tropical Medicine and Health\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.6000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-01-29\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10823638/pdf/\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Tropical Medicine and Health\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-024-00580-w\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q1\",\"JCRName\":\"TROPICAL MEDICINE\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Tropical Medicine and Health","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-024-00580-w","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"TROPICAL MEDICINE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
背景:2015 年 4 月,尼泊尔发生 7.8 级地震,造成约 9000 人死亡,包括供水和污水处理系统在内的基础设施遭到破坏。巴克塔普尔是受灾严重的地区之一。在该县临时避难所居住的儿童中开展了伤寒疫苗接种活动(预防性)。此前,尼泊尔从未尝试过在地震后开展预防性伤寒疫苗接种活动后对疫苗效果进行评估:描述预防性伤寒 Vi 型荚膜多糖疫苗接种活动和疫苗效果评估:地震后,我们对居住在巴克塔普尔县 23 个临时避难所中的 2 至 15 岁儿童开展了伤寒 Vi 胶囊多糖疫苗预防接种活动。西迪纪念医院是该地区唯一一家儿童医院,从2014年至2017年对临床伤寒进行了监测。我们采用病例对照研究设计(临床伤寒为病例,胸部X光确诊肺炎为对照)计算疫苗的有效性:2015年7月至12月期间,居住在巴克塔普尔23个临时庇护所的3916名2-15岁儿童接种了伤寒Vi荚膜多糖疫苗。在研究期间,共有 2193 名 2-15 岁儿童入院治疗,其中 260 人(11.9%)被诊断为临床伤寒。在研究期间,临床伤寒入院儿童人数有所减少(2014 年为 105 人,2017 年为 47 人;P = 0.001)。总体疫苗接种效果为52%(95% CI -46至85%),5岁以下儿童的接种效果为87%(95% CI -25至99):我们在 2015 年尼泊尔地震后成功开展了伤寒疫苗预防接种活动。预防接种活动在 5 岁以下儿童中似乎更有效。我们需要开展进一步研究,以评估在紧急情况下预先接种伤寒疫苗的效果。我们强调了在紧急情况下计算伤寒疫苗有效性所面临的挑战。
A description of a pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign after the 2015 earthquake in Nepal and vaccine effectiveness evaluation.
Background: A 7.8 R scale earthquake hit Nepal in April 2015 and caused about 9000 deaths along with damage to infrastructure, including the water and sewage system. Bhaktapur was one of the highly affected districts. A typhoid vaccination campaign (pre-emptive) was carried out among children who were living in the temporary shelters in this district. The assessment of vaccine effectiveness after a pre-emptive typhoid vaccine campaign following an earthquake has previously not been attempted in Nepal.
Objective: To describe the pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign and an evaluation of the vaccine effectiveness.
Methods: We conducted a pre-emptive typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccination campaign among children between 2 and 15 years of age dwelling in 23 temporary shelters in Bhaktapur district after the earthquake. Surveillance of clinical typhoid was carried out from 2014 to 2017 in Siddhi Memorial Hospital, the only hospital for children in the district. We calculated vaccine effectiveness using a case-control study design (clinical typhoid as cases and chest x-ray confirmed pneumonia as controls).
Results: Three thousand nine hundred sixteen children of age 2-15 years residing in the 23 temporary shelters in Bhaktapur received the typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine between July and December 2015. 2193 children of age 2-15 years were admitted to the hospital during the study period and 260 (11.9%) were diagnosed with clinical typhoid. The numbers of children admitted with clinical typhoid decreased over the study period (105 in 2014 and 47 in 2017; P = 0.001). Overall vaccine effectiveness was calculated at 52% (95% CI -46 to 85%), and it was 87% (95% CI -25 to 99) among children less than 5 years of age.
Conclusions: We successfully conducted a pre-emptive vaccination campaign against typhoid after the 2015 Nepal earthquake. The pre-emptive vaccination campaign appeared to be more effective among children less than 5 years of age. Further studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of pre-emptive use of typhoid vaccines in the emergency situations. We highlight the challenges of calculating vaccine effectiveness of a typhoid vaccine in an emergency setting.