雪层对太阳辐射加热和湖泊或海冰融化的影响

L. Dombrovsky
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摘要

太阳辐射加热和湖泊及海冰融化是一个地球物理问题,多年来一直吸引着研究人员的注意力。这一问题与当前全球气候变化密切相关。本文提出了这一过程的物理和计算模型。光散射雪盖和冰中太阳辐射传递的分析解与多层系统中热量传递的数值计算相结合。热边界条件考虑了环境空气的对流热损失和无云大气透明度中红外窗口的辐射冷却。研究从西藏大型高山湖泊春季异常融冰开始。研究发现,由于太阳对冰的体积加热,没有被雪覆盖的厚冰层开始在冰水界面融化。计算结果与实地观测结果十分吻合。计算分析表明,当冰被雪覆盖时,这一过程发生了巨大变化。当积雪厚度增加到 20-30 厘米时,物理过程发生了质的变化。在这种情况下,雪融化先于冰融化,冰面上形成水塘。这是极地夏季北极海的典型现象。已知的实验数据用于估算融化池下海冰的融化情况。讨论了与雪、冰和水的特定光学和热学特性有关的正反馈。
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An effect of a snow cover on solar heating and melting of lake or sea ice
Solar radiative heating and melting of lake and sea ice is a geophysical problem that has attracted the attention of researchers for many years. This problem is important in connection with the current global change of the climate. Physical and computational models of the process are suggested in the paper. Analytical solutions for the transfer of solar radiation in light-scattering snow cover and ice are combined with numerical calculations of heat transfer in a multilayer system. The thermal boundary conditions take into account convective heat losses to the ambient air and radiative cooling in the mid-infrared window of transparency of the cloudless atmosphere. The study begins with an anomalous spring melting of ice on the large high-mountain lakes of Tibet. It was found that a thick ice layer not covered with snow starts to melt at the ice-water interface due to volumetric solar heating of ice. The results of the calculations are in good agreement with the field observations. The computational analysis showed a dramatic change in the process when the ice is covered with snow. A qualitative change in the physical picture of the process occurs when the snow cover thickness increases to 20–30 cm. In this case, the snow melting precedes ice melting and water ponds are formed on the ice surface. This is typical for the Arctic Sea in polar summer. Known experimental data are used to estimate the melting of sea ice under the melt pond. Positive or negative feedback related to the specific optical and thermal properties of snow, ice, and water are discussed.
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