The Caffeine Dilemma: Unraveling the Intricate Relationship Between Caffeine Use Disorder, Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms, and Mental Wellbeing in Adults

Objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between caffeine use disorder (CUD), caffeine withdrawal symptoms, and the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS) in adults. Design: The study utilized a cross-sectional design to assess the relationships between CUD, caffeine withdrawal symptoms, and DASS. Setting: Participants’ CUD was evaluated through the Caffeine Use Disorder Questionnaire (CUDQ), while the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) measured DASS levels. Caffeine withdrawal symptoms and total caffeine intake were calculated based on self-reported consumption of caffeine-rich products. Participants: The study involved 618 participants with an average age of 27.8±7.8 years. Results: Participants consumed an average of 461.21±11.09 mg/day of caffeine, showing a positive correlation between CUD and total caffeine intake. The risk of CUD increased alongside levels of DASS. Individuals with caffeine withdrawal symptoms had higher CUDQ and DASS scores. A multiple linear regression model revealed significant associations between total caffeine intake (p<0.001) and DASS-21 score (p<0.001) with CUDQ score. Conclusions: The study concluded that caffeine, while recognized for its potential health benefits, also exhibits properties that may lead to addiction. The development of caffeine use disorder and cessation of caffeine intake can increase DASS levels in adults, indicating the need for awareness and appropriate interventions in public health nutrition.