Mian Muhammad Awais, Bakhtawar Khadim, Masood Akhtar, Muhammad Irfan Anwar, Gohar Khadim, Abdul Sammad Ali Khan Shirwany, Halil Selcuk Biricik, Abdul Razzaq, Muhammad Sibtain Bhatti
{"title":"巴基斯坦木尔坦农村和城市周边地区小反刍动物布鲁氏菌病的流行病学研究","authors":"Mian Muhammad Awais, Bakhtawar Khadim, Masood Akhtar, Muhammad Irfan Anwar, Gohar Khadim, Abdul Sammad Ali Khan Shirwany, Halil Selcuk Biricik, Abdul Razzaq, Muhammad Sibtain Bhatti","doi":"10.1155/2024/8898827","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease of veterinary and public health importance with considerably higher prevalence in developing/underdeveloped countries. This study reports the prevalence and risk determinants of brucellosis in small ruminants of peri-urban and rural areas of district Multan, Southern Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, sera samples (<i>n</i> = 392) of small ruminants were collected and subjected to preliminary screening using commercially available RBPT reagents followed by serodetection of brucellosis using multispecies i-ELISA kit (ID.vet, France). All the ELISA positive samples were confirmed by PCR using genus-specific primers, and frequencies of <i>Brucella</i> species in positive samples were enumerated using species-specific primers. Results indicated seropositivity rates of 9.69, 9.95, and 10.20% in study population using RBPT reagents of IDEXX-USA, ID.Vet-France, and VRI-Pakistan, respectively, with a statistically nonsignificant difference <span><svg height=\"12.7178pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42947pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -9.28833 23.471 12.7178\" width=\"23.471pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.84,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"12.7178pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42947pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"27.053183800000003 -9.28833 26.453 12.7178\" width=\"26.453pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.103,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.343,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.307,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.547,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.787,0)\"></path></g></svg>.</span></span> Results of ELISA showed an overall seroprevalence rate of 7.14% in target population with a slightly higher rate in sheep (7.65%) as compared to goat (6.63%) population (<span><svg height=\"11.7782pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.34882 18.973 11.7782\" width=\"18.973pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-113\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"11.7782pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"22.555183800000002 -8.34882 28.184 11.7782\" width=\"28.184pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.29,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-54\"></use></g></svg>;</span></span> OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.53, 2.57). Results revealed that out of total positive samples, <i>B. abortus</i> was detected in 60.71% of seropositive samples and <i>B. melitensis</i> was detected in 14.28% of positive samples. It was revealed that risk factors including body condition scores, hygienic conditions of the housing facility, farming system, reproductive disorders, educational status of farmers, and awareness of farmers about brucellosis had significant association with brucellosis in small ruminants of study area <span><svg height=\"12.7178pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42947pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -9.28833 23.471 12.7178\" width=\"23.471pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-41\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-113\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.84,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"12.7178pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42947pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"27.053183800000003 -9.28833 26.453 12.7178\" width=\"26.453pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.103,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.343,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.307,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.547,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-54\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.787,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-42\"></use></g></svg>.</span></span> Conversely, farm/herd size, locality, gender, age, weight, and parity showed a nonsignificant association <span><svg height=\"12.7178pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42947pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -9.28833 23.471 12.7178\" width=\"23.471pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-41\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-113\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.84,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-92\"></use></g></svg><span></span><svg height=\"12.7178pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42947pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"27.053183800000003 -9.28833 26.453 12.7178\" width=\"26.453pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.103,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.343,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.307,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.547,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-54\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.787,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-42\"></use></g></svg></span> with brucellosis. In conclusion, brucellosis is prevalent in small ruminants of Multan, Pakistan. It is recommended to devise and implement effective control strategies with a major focus on raising awareness about brucellosis in farmers for the containment of infection in the region.","PeriodicalId":501415,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Epidemiology of Brucellosis in Small Ruminants of Rural and Peri-Urban Areas of Multan, Pakistan\",\"authors\":\"Mian Muhammad Awais, Bakhtawar Khadim, Masood Akhtar, Muhammad Irfan Anwar, Gohar Khadim, Abdul Sammad Ali Khan Shirwany, Halil Selcuk Biricik, Abdul Razzaq, Muhammad Sibtain Bhatti\",\"doi\":\"10.1155/2024/8898827\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease of veterinary and public health importance with considerably higher prevalence in developing/underdeveloped countries. This study reports the prevalence and risk determinants of brucellosis in small ruminants of peri-urban and rural areas of district Multan, Southern Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, sera samples (<i>n</i> = 392) of small ruminants were collected and subjected to preliminary screening using commercially available RBPT reagents followed by serodetection of brucellosis using multispecies i-ELISA kit (ID.vet, France). All the ELISA positive samples were confirmed by PCR using genus-specific primers, and frequencies of <i>Brucella</i> species in positive samples were enumerated using species-specific primers. Results indicated seropositivity rates of 9.69, 9.95, and 10.20% in study population using RBPT reagents of IDEXX-USA, ID.Vet-France, and VRI-Pakistan, respectively, with a statistically nonsignificant difference <span><svg height=\\\"12.7178pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-3.42947pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -9.28833 23.471 12.7178\\\" width=\\\"23.471pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.84,0)\\\"></path></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"12.7178pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-3.42947pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"27.053183800000003 -9.28833 26.453 12.7178\\\" width=\\\"26.453pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.103,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.343,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.307,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.547,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.787,0)\\\"></path></g></svg>.</span></span> Results of ELISA showed an overall seroprevalence rate of 7.14% in target population with a slightly higher rate in sheep (7.65%) as compared to goat (6.63%) population (<span><svg height=\\\"11.7782pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -8.34882 18.973 11.7782\\\" width=\\\"18.973pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-113\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)\\\"></path></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"11.7782pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"22.555183800000002 -8.34882 28.184 11.7782\\\" width=\\\"28.184pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)\\\"></path></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.29,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-54\\\"></use></g></svg>;</span></span> OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.53, 2.57). Results revealed that out of total positive samples, <i>B. abortus</i> was detected in 60.71% of seropositive samples and <i>B. melitensis</i> was detected in 14.28% of positive samples. It was revealed that risk factors including body condition scores, hygienic conditions of the housing facility, farming system, reproductive disorders, educational status of farmers, and awareness of farmers about brucellosis had significant association with brucellosis in small ruminants of study area <span><svg height=\\\"12.7178pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-3.42947pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -9.28833 23.471 12.7178\\\" width=\\\"23.471pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-41\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-113\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.84,0)\\\"></path></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\\\"12.7178pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-3.42947pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"27.053183800000003 -9.28833 26.453 12.7178\\\" width=\\\"26.453pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.103,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.343,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.307,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.547,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-54\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.787,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-42\\\"></use></g></svg>.</span></span> Conversely, farm/herd size, locality, gender, age, weight, and parity showed a nonsignificant association <span><svg height=\\\"12.7178pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-3.42947pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"-0.0498162 -9.28833 23.471 12.7178\\\" width=\\\"23.471pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-41\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.498,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-113\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,15.84,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g117-92\\\"></use></g></svg><span></span><svg height=\\\"12.7178pt\\\" style=\\\"vertical-align:-3.42947pt\\\" version=\\\"1.1\\\" viewbox=\\\"27.053183800000003 -9.28833 26.453 12.7178\\\" width=\\\"26.453pt\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" xmlns:xlink=\\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\\\"><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,27.103,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,33.343,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-47\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,36.307,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-49\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,42.547,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-54\\\"></use></g><g transform=\\\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,48.787,0)\\\"><use xlink:href=\\\"#g113-42\\\"></use></g></svg></span> with brucellosis. In conclusion, brucellosis is prevalent in small ruminants of Multan, Pakistan. It is recommended to devise and implement effective control strategies with a major focus on raising awareness about brucellosis in farmers for the containment of infection in the region.\",\"PeriodicalId\":501415,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology\",\"volume\":\"37 1\",\"pages\":\"\"},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-02-14\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8898827\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8898827","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
Epidemiology of Brucellosis in Small Ruminants of Rural and Peri-Urban Areas of Multan, Pakistan
Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease of veterinary and public health importance with considerably higher prevalence in developing/underdeveloped countries. This study reports the prevalence and risk determinants of brucellosis in small ruminants of peri-urban and rural areas of district Multan, Southern Punjab, Pakistan. For this purpose, sera samples (n = 392) of small ruminants were collected and subjected to preliminary screening using commercially available RBPT reagents followed by serodetection of brucellosis using multispecies i-ELISA kit (ID.vet, France). All the ELISA positive samples were confirmed by PCR using genus-specific primers, and frequencies of Brucella species in positive samples were enumerated using species-specific primers. Results indicated seropositivity rates of 9.69, 9.95, and 10.20% in study population using RBPT reagents of IDEXX-USA, ID.Vet-France, and VRI-Pakistan, respectively, with a statistically nonsignificant difference . Results of ELISA showed an overall seroprevalence rate of 7.14% in target population with a slightly higher rate in sheep (7.65%) as compared to goat (6.63%) population (; OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.53, 2.57). Results revealed that out of total positive samples, B. abortus was detected in 60.71% of seropositive samples and B. melitensis was detected in 14.28% of positive samples. It was revealed that risk factors including body condition scores, hygienic conditions of the housing facility, farming system, reproductive disorders, educational status of farmers, and awareness of farmers about brucellosis had significant association with brucellosis in small ruminants of study area . Conversely, farm/herd size, locality, gender, age, weight, and parity showed a nonsignificant association with brucellosis. In conclusion, brucellosis is prevalent in small ruminants of Multan, Pakistan. It is recommended to devise and implement effective control strategies with a major focus on raising awareness about brucellosis in farmers for the containment of infection in the region.