Hong Zhu, Wei Ding, Wenjuan Han, Xiaofan Zheng, Yiqing Hu, Jie Dong, Yaling Wu, Danxiao Wu, Jinhui Liu, Faming Zhu
Background. Blood safety levels have been significantly improved since the implementation of nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) testing for blood donors. However, there remains a residual risk of transfusion transmission infections. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HIV and its residual risk transmission among volunteer blood donors of Zhejiang Province, China, for five years after NAT implementation. Materials and Methods. All specimens and information were collected from voluntary unpaid donors at all blood services in Zhejiang Province, China, from January 2018 to December 2022. The HIV antibody or antigen and HIV RNA were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and NAT, respectively. The HIV residual risk transmission was calculated using the incidence or window period model. Results. A total of 3,375,678 voluntary blood donors were detected, revealing an HIV prevalence of 9.92/100000. The HIV prevalence of blood donors in 12 blood services in Zhejiang Province was 6.11, 6.98, 7.45, 8.21, 8.36, 8.94, 9.04, 9.66, 9.73, 10.22, 11.80, and 12.47 per 100000 donors, without statistically significant difference observed among the services (). The HIV prevalence of males (15.49/100000) was significantly higher compared to females (1.95/100000;
背景。自对献血者实施核酸扩增技术（NAT）检测以来，血液安全水平已大大提高。然而，输血传播感染的残余风险依然存在。本研究旨在评估 NAT 实施五年来中国浙江省志愿献血者中 HIV 感染率及其残余传播风险。材料与方法。所有标本和信息均采集自 2018 年 1 月至 2022 年 12 月期间浙江省所有血液服务机构的无偿自愿献血者。分别使用酶联免疫吸附法和 NAT 检测 HIV 抗体或抗原和 HIV RNA。采用发病率或窗口期模型计算艾滋病病毒残余传播风险。结果显示共检测到 3,375,678 名自愿献血者，发现 HIV 感染率为 9.92/100000。浙江省 12 家血液服务机构的献血者艾滋病感染率分别为每 10 万献血者中 6.11、6.98、7.45、8.21、8.36、8.94、9.04、9.66、9.73、10.22、11.80 和 12.47 例，各服务机构之间差异无统计学意义（）。男性艾滋病毒感染率（15.49/100000）明显高于女性（1.95/100000；）。各年龄组献血者的艾滋病毒感染率差异不大（），但 26-35 岁年龄组和 18-25 岁年龄组的艾滋病毒感染率明显高于 36-45 岁年龄组（）。首次献血者（13.65/100,000）和重复献血者（6.78/100,000）之间的艾滋病毒感染率差异具有统计学意义（）。从 2018 年到 2022 年，输血传播中的 HIV 剩余风险为 0.266/100000。结论。中国浙江省献血者中的 HIV 感染率与年龄、性别和献血次数有关。该省输血传播艾滋病的残余风险仍然较低，提高重复献血率有利于改善血液安全。
{"title":"Prevalence and Residual Risk of HIV in Volunteer Blood Donors of Zhejiang Province, China, from 2018 to 2022","authors":"Hong Zhu, Wei Ding, Wenjuan Han, Xiaofan Zheng, Yiqing Hu, Jie Dong, Yaling Wu, Danxiao Wu, Jinhui Liu, Faming Zhu","doi":"10.1155/2024/4749097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/4749097","url":null,"abstract":"<i>Background</i>. Blood safety levels have been significantly improved since the implementation of nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) testing for blood donors. However, there remains a residual risk of transfusion transmission infections. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HIV and its residual risk transmission among volunteer blood donors of Zhejiang Province, China, for five years after NAT implementation. <i>Materials and Methods</i>. All specimens and information were collected from voluntary unpaid donors at all blood services in Zhejiang Province, China, from January 2018 to December 2022. The HIV antibody or antigen and HIV RNA were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and NAT, respectively. The HIV residual risk transmission was calculated using the incidence or window period model. <i>Results</i>. A total of 3,375,678 voluntary blood donors were detected, revealing an HIV prevalence of 9.92/100000. The HIV prevalence of blood donors in 12 blood services in Zhejiang Province was 6.11, 6.98, 7.45, 8.21, 8.36, 8.94, 9.04, 9.66, 9.73, 10.22, 11.80, and 12.47 per 100000 donors, without statistically significant difference observed among the services (<span><svg height=\"11.7782pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.34882 18.973 11.7782\" width=\"18.973pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"11.7782pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"22.555183800000002 -8.34882 21.921 11.7782\" width=\"21.921pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)\"></path></g></svg>).</span></span> The HIV prevalence of males (15.49/100000) was significantly higher compared to females (1.95/100000; <span><svg height=\"11.7782pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.34882 18.973 11.7782\" width=\"18.973pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-113\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"11.7782pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"22.555183800000002 -8.34882 21.921 11.7782\" width=\"21.921pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-47\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)\"><use xlin","PeriodicalId":501415,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141152139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ghena Lababidi, Hossam Lababidi, Fadi Bitar, M. Arabi
Due to the deleterious global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, tremendous effort has been invested in the development of vaccines against the virus. Vaccine candidates are first tested in adult populations, a number of which have been approved for EUL by the WHO, and are in use across the USA and MENA region. The question remains whether these (or other) vaccines should be recommended to a neonatal, pediatric, and/or adolescent cohort. Incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection are low in pediatric, neonatal, and adolescent patients. Since both overall incidence and severity are lower in children than in adults, safety is an important consideration in vaccine approval for these age groups, in addition to efficacy and a decreased risk of transmission. The following review discusses vaccine immunology in children aged 0–18 years, with emphasis on the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of children, considerations for pediatric vaccine approval, and available vaccines for pediatric cohorts along with a breakdown of the efficacy, advantages, and disadvantages for each. This review also contains current and future perspectives, as well as a section on the cardiovascular implications and related dynamics of pediatric COVID-19 vaccination.
{"title":"COVID-19 Vaccines in the Pediatric Population: A Focus on Cardiac Patients","authors":"Ghena Lababidi, Hossam Lababidi, Fadi Bitar, M. Arabi","doi":"10.1155/2024/2667033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/2667033","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the deleterious global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, tremendous effort has been invested in the development of vaccines against the virus. Vaccine candidates are first tested in adult populations, a number of which have been approved for EUL by the WHO, and are in use across the USA and MENA region. The question remains whether these (or other) vaccines should be recommended to a neonatal, pediatric, and/or adolescent cohort. Incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection are low in pediatric, neonatal, and adolescent patients. Since both overall incidence and severity are lower in children than in adults, safety is an important consideration in vaccine approval for these age groups, in addition to efficacy and a decreased risk of transmission. The following review discusses vaccine immunology in children aged 0–18 years, with emphasis on the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of children, considerations for pediatric vaccine approval, and available vaccines for pediatric cohorts along with a breakdown of the efficacy, advantages, and disadvantages for each. This review also contains current and future perspectives, as well as a section on the cardiovascular implications and related dynamics of pediatric COVID-19 vaccination.","PeriodicalId":501415,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","volume":"120 25","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140977555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Santella, Mariarosaria Boccella, V. Folliero, D. Iervolino, Pasquale Pagliano, L. Fortino, B. Serio, Emilia Anna Vozzella, Luigi Schiavo, M. Galdiero, Mario Capunzo, Giovanni Boccia, G. Franci
Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria represent a serious threat to global public health. Recently, due to its increased resistance to carbapenems and β-lactams, Klebsiella pneumoniae has become one of the main causes of septicemia, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. It is crucial to take immediate action and implement effective measures to prevent further spread of this issue. This study aims to report the prevalence and antibiotic resistance rates of K. pneumoniae strains isolated from clinical specimens from 2015 to 2020 at the University Hospital of Salerno, Italy. More than 3,800 isolates were collected from urine cultures, blood cultures, respiratory samples, and others. K. pneumoniae isolates showed broad resistance to penicillin and cephalosporins, and increased susceptibility to fosfomycin and gentamicin. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) isolates accounted for 20–22%. A high percentage of strains tested were resistant to carbapenems, with an average of 40% to meropenem and 44% to ertapenem. The production of ESBLs and resistance to carbapenems is one of the major public health problems. Constant monitoring of drug-resistant isolates is crucial for developing practical approaches in implementing antimicrobial therapy and reducing the spread of K. pneumoniae in nosocomial environments.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Klebsiella pneumoniae Strains Collected from Clinical Samples in a Hospital in Southern Italy","authors":"B. Santella, Mariarosaria Boccella, V. Folliero, D. Iervolino, Pasquale Pagliano, L. Fortino, B. Serio, Emilia Anna Vozzella, Luigi Schiavo, M. Galdiero, Mario Capunzo, Giovanni Boccia, G. Franci","doi":"10.1155/2024/5548434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5548434","url":null,"abstract":"Infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria represent a serious threat to global public health. Recently, due to its increased resistance to carbapenems and β-lactams, Klebsiella pneumoniae has become one of the main causes of septicemia, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections. It is crucial to take immediate action and implement effective measures to prevent further spread of this issue. This study aims to report the prevalence and antibiotic resistance rates of K. pneumoniae strains isolated from clinical specimens from 2015 to 2020 at the University Hospital of Salerno, Italy. More than 3,800 isolates were collected from urine cultures, blood cultures, respiratory samples, and others. K. pneumoniae isolates showed broad resistance to penicillin and cephalosporins, and increased susceptibility to fosfomycin and gentamicin. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) isolates accounted for 20–22%. A high percentage of strains tested were resistant to carbapenems, with an average of 40% to meropenem and 44% to ertapenem. The production of ESBLs and resistance to carbapenems is one of the major public health problems. Constant monitoring of drug-resistant isolates is crucial for developing practical approaches in implementing antimicrobial therapy and reducing the spread of K. pneumoniae in nosocomial environments.","PeriodicalId":501415,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","volume":"33 38","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140657389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely regarded as an increasing threat to global public health. Antibiotic treatment guidelines have been increasingly recognized as an effective tool to guide appropriate prescriptions and help curtail antibiotic resistance. The present study aimed to assess physician’s adherence to hospital antibiotic treatment guideline recommendations in Nepal and determine predictive variables with a significant association. This was a retrospective, monocentric observational review to investigate the adherence to endorsed guidelines using the medical records of adults admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI), pneumonia, or skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) from January 2018 to December 2019. Of the 2,077 medical records that were reviewed (954 UTI, 754 pneumonia, and 369 SSTI), 354 (17%) met the study inclusion criteria, which included 87 UTI, 180 pneumonia, and 87 SSTI patients. Among eligible patients with antibiotic prescriptions, the following were adherent to guideline recommendations: 33 (37.9%) UTI, 78 (43.3%) pneumonia, and 23 (26.4%) SSTI. The overall extent of adherence to hospital antibiotic treatment guidelines for the use of antibiotics among adult inpatients diagnosed with these common infections was 37.9%. Patients who received ceftriaxone (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.18–3.71, ) and levofloxacin (OR = 4.63, 95% CI = 1.30–16.53,
{"title":"Evaluating Antibiotic Treatment Guideline Adherence to Ongoing Antibiotic Stewardship in a Tertiary Care Setting: A Retrospective Observational Study","authors":"Suman Pant, Andrew Corwin, Prabhat Adhikari, Subhash Prasad Acharya, Upasana Acharya, Sashi Silwal, Pratima Dawadi, Anil Poudyal, Vibhu Paudyal, Adisak Bhumiratana","doi":"10.1155/2024/6663119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/6663119","url":null,"abstract":"Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is widely regarded as an increasing threat to global public health. Antibiotic treatment guidelines have been increasingly recognized as an effective tool to guide appropriate prescriptions and help curtail antibiotic resistance. The present study aimed to assess physician’s adherence to hospital antibiotic treatment guideline recommendations in Nepal and determine predictive variables with a significant association. This was a retrospective, monocentric observational review to investigate the adherence to endorsed guidelines using the medical records of adults admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI), pneumonia, or skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) from January 2018 to December 2019. Of the 2,077 medical records that were reviewed (954 UTI, 754 pneumonia, and 369 SSTI), 354 (17%) met the study inclusion criteria, which included 87 UTI, 180 pneumonia, and 87 SSTI patients. Among eligible patients with antibiotic prescriptions, the following were adherent to guideline recommendations: 33 (37.9%) UTI, 78 (43.3%) pneumonia, and 23 (26.4%) SSTI. The overall extent of adherence to hospital antibiotic treatment guidelines for the use of antibiotics among adult inpatients diagnosed with these common infections was 37.9%. Patients who received ceftriaxone (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.18–3.71, <span><svg height=\"11.7782pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.34882 18.973 11.7782\" width=\"18.973pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"11.7782pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"22.555183800000002 -8.34882 28.184 11.7782\" width=\"28.184pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)\"></path></g></svg>)</span></span> and levofloxacin (OR = 4.63, 95% CI = 1.30–16.53, <span><svg height=\"11.7782pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.34882 18.973 11.7782\" width=\"18.973pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-113\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-34\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"11.7782pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"22.555183800000002 -8.34882 28.184 11.7782\" width=\"28.184pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.","PeriodicalId":501415,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140615402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction. The development of combinatorial adjuvants is a promising strategy to boost vaccination efficiency. Accumulating evidence indicates that manganese exerts strong immunocompetence and will become an enormous potential adjuvant. Here, we described a novel combination of Mn2+ plus aluminum hydroxide (AH) adjuvant that significantly exhibited the synergistic immune effect. Methodology. Initially, IsdB3 proteins as the immune-dominant fragment of IsdB proteins derived from Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) were prepared. IsdB3 proteins were identified by western blotting. Furthermore, we immunized C57/B6 mice with IsdB3 proteins plus Mn2+ and AH adjuvant. After the second immunization, the proliferation of lymphocytes was measured by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and the level of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 cytokine from spleen lymphocytes in mice and generation of the antibodies against IsdB3 in serum was detected with ELISA, and the protective immune response was assessed through S. aureus challenge. Results. IsdB3 proteins plus Mn2+ and AH obviously stimulated the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and increased the secretion of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 cytokine in mice, markedly enhanced the generation of the antibodies against IsdB3 in serum, observably decreased bacterial load in organs, and greatly improved the survival rate of mice. Conclusion. These data showed that the combination of Mn2+ and AH significantly acted a synergistic effect, reinforced the immunogenicity of IsdB3, and offered a new strategy to increase vaccine efficiency.
{"title":"A Unique Combination of Mn2+ and Aluminum Adjuvant Acted the Synergistic Effect","authors":"Yuwei Cen, Shujie Chen, Shuyu Wei, Shuangshuang Wu, Mingyang Tao, Youxi Fu, Yuncheng Wang, Jing Chen, Yixuan Ma, Hongyan Liu, Baifen Song, Jinzhu Ma, Beiyan Wang, Yudong Cui","doi":"10.1155/2024/7502110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7502110","url":null,"abstract":"<i>Introduction</i>. The development of combinatorial adjuvants is a promising strategy to boost vaccination efficiency. Accumulating evidence indicates that manganese exerts strong immunocompetence and will become an enormous potential adjuvant. Here, we described a novel combination of Mn<sup>2+</sup> plus aluminum hydroxide (AH) adjuvant that significantly exhibited the synergistic immune effect. <i>Methodology</i>. Initially, IsdB3 proteins as the immune-dominant fragment of IsdB proteins derived from <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) were prepared. IsdB3 proteins were identified by western blotting. Furthermore, we immunized C57/B6 mice with IsdB3 proteins plus Mn<sup>2+</sup> and AH adjuvant. After the second immunization, the proliferation of lymphocytes was measured by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and the level of IFN-<i>γ</i>, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 cytokine from spleen lymphocytes in mice and generation of the antibodies against IsdB3 in serum was detected with ELISA, and the protective immune response was assessed through <i>S. aureus</i> challenge. <i>Results</i>. IsdB3 proteins plus Mn<sup>2+</sup> and AH obviously stimulated the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and increased the secretion of IFN-<i>γ</i>, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 cytokine in mice, markedly enhanced the generation of the antibodies against IsdB3 in serum, observably decreased bacterial load in organs, and greatly improved the survival rate of mice. <i>Conclusion</i>. These data showed that the combination of Mn<sup>2+</sup> and AH significantly acted a synergistic effect, reinforced the immunogenicity of IsdB3, and offered a new strategy to increase vaccine efficiency.","PeriodicalId":501415,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140615322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background. Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae) is one of the most common Enterobacteriaceae causing nosocomial infections. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants have been considered recently. This study evaluated the abundance of PMQR genes in strains of E. cloacae obtained from clinical samples in Kermanshah, Iran. Methods. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, after collecting 113 isolates of E. cloacae, their identity was confirmed using specific biochemical tests. After determining their drug resistance patterns using disc diffusion, the phenotypic frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates was measured by the double-disk synergy test (DDST) method. The isolates were examined for the presence of qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, and aac(6′)-Ib-cr genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Results. The antibiotic resistance rate of E. cloacae isolates varied from 9.7% to 60.2%; among them, 78% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The highest quinolone resistance was observed in ESBL-producing strains of E. cloacae. The frequency of positive isolates for PMQR and ESBL was 79.6% and 57.5%, respectively. The genes aac(6′)-ib-cr (70.8%) and qnrB (38.1%) had the highest frequency among other genes. The number of isolates simultaneously carrying 2 and 3 genes was 64 and 5 isolates, respectively. Conclusion. The obtained results indicate a high degree of quinolone resistance among ESBL-producing E. cloacae strains. Nevertheless, there was a significant relationship between the PMQR gene and ESBL-positive isolates. Therefore, special attention should be paid to molecular epidemiological studies on antibiotic resistance to quinolones and beta-lactamases in these strains.
{"title":"The Abundance of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in Enterobacter cloacae Strains Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Kermanshah, Iran","authors":"Mandana Afsharian, Somayeh Asadi, Camellia Danesh, Reza Sedighi, Kohsar Karimi, Nooshin Miladi, Ronak Miladi, Mohsen Azizi, Nahid Madadi-Goli, Kamal Ahmadi, Mohammad Hossein Zamanian","doi":"10.1155/2024/8849097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/8849097","url":null,"abstract":"<i>Background</i>. <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i> (<i>E. cloacae</i>) is one of the most common <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> causing nosocomial infections. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants have been considered recently. This study evaluated the abundance of PMQR genes in strains of <i>E. cloacae</i> obtained from clinical samples in Kermanshah, Iran. <i>Methods</i>. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, after collecting 113 isolates of <i>E. cloacae</i>, their identity was confirmed using specific biochemical tests. After determining their drug resistance patterns using disc diffusion, the phenotypic frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates was measured by the double-disk synergy test (DDST) method. The isolates were examined for the presence of <i>qnrA</i>, <i>qnrB</i>, <i>qnrS</i>, and <i>aac(6′)-Ib-cr</i> genes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. <i>Results</i>. The antibiotic resistance rate of <i>E. cloacae</i> isolates varied from 9.7% to 60.2%; among them, 78% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The highest quinolone resistance was observed in ESBL-producing strains of <i>E. cloacae</i>. The frequency of positive isolates for PMQR and ESBL was 79.6% and 57.5%, respectively. The genes <i>aac(6′)-ib-cr</i> (70.8%) and <i>qnrB</i> (38.1%) had the highest frequency among other genes. The number of isolates simultaneously carrying 2 and 3 genes was 64 and 5 isolates, respectively. <i>Conclusion</i>. The obtained results indicate a high degree of quinolone resistance among ESBL-producing <i>E. cloacae</i> strains. Nevertheless, there was a significant relationship between the PMQR gene and ESBL-positive isolates. Therefore, special attention should be paid to molecular epidemiological studies on antibiotic resistance to quinolones and beta-lactamases in these strains.","PeriodicalId":501415,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140581935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Purpose. The present study investigated the knowledge and practice of hand hygiene among entry-level nursing students at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Participants and Methods: A cross-sectional, institutional-based study was conducted among Saudi nursing students over a period of four months at the King Saud University College of Nursing, using a structured, self-administered questionnaire that assessed demographics, knowledge, and the practice of hand washing. Results. A response rate of 95% was obtained. Of the 304 respondents, 66.1% (n = 201) were males. The majority of the students (94.2%) agreed that direct or indirect contact was the most important route for the transmission of healthcare-associated infection. In addition, most of the students washed their hands after contact with body secretions (89.5%), while 83.2% of them washed their hands before and after contact with patients. Furthermore, 83.6% of them applied soap water during hand washing, while 59.9% of the students used an alcohol-based hand rub for hand hygiene. Our results found that female students reported higher mean knowledge score of 10.09 ± 1.27, compared to male students 9.63 ± 1.48, indicating a significant association between the mean knowledge score of hand washing and gender (). Similarly, the mean practice score was higher among female students (5.00 ± 1.25), in comparison to male students 4.62 ± 1.46, with a significant association between gender and mean practice score (
{"title":"Assessment of Hand-Washing Knowledge and Practice among Nursing Undergraduates in Saudi Arabia","authors":"Wajid Syed, Mahmood Basil A. Al-Rawi","doi":"10.1155/2024/7479845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7479845","url":null,"abstract":"<i>Purpose</i>. The present study investigated the knowledge and practice of hand hygiene among entry-level nursing students at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. <i>Participants and Methods</i>: A cross-sectional, institutional-based study was conducted among Saudi nursing students over a period of four months at the King Saud University College of Nursing, using a structured, self-administered questionnaire that assessed demographics, knowledge, and the practice of hand washing. <i>Results</i>. A response rate of 95% was obtained. Of the 304 respondents, 66.1% (<i>n</i> = 201) were males. The majority of the students (94.2%) agreed that direct or indirect contact was the most important route for the transmission of healthcare-associated infection. In addition, most of the students washed their hands after contact with body secretions (89.5%), while 83.2% of them washed their hands before and after contact with patients. Furthermore, 83.6% of them applied soap water during hand washing, while 59.9% of the students used an alcohol-based hand rub for hand hygiene. Our results found that female students reported higher mean knowledge score of 10.09 ± 1.27, compared to male students 9.63 ± 1.48, indicating a significant association between the mean knowledge score of hand washing and gender (<span><svg height=\"11.7782pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.34882 18.973 11.7782\" width=\"18.973pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)\"></path></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"11.7782pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"22.555183800000002 -8.34882 28.184 11.7782\" width=\"28.184pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,22.605,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,28.845,0)\"></path></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,31.809,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,38.049,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-49\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,44.289,0)\"></path></g></svg>).</span></span> Similarly, the mean practice score was higher among female students (5.00 ± 1.25), in comparison to male students 4.62 ± 1.46, with a significant association between gender and mean practice score (<span><svg height=\"11.7782pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"-0.0498162 -8.34882 18.973 11.7782\" width=\"18.973pt\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g113-113\"></use></g><g transform=\"matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,11.342,0)\"><use xlink:href=\"#g117-34\"></use></g></svg><span></span><span><svg height=\"11.7782pt\" style=\"vertical-align:-3.42938pt\" version=\"1.1\" viewbox=\"22.555183800000002 -8.34882 28.184 11.7782\" w","PeriodicalId":501415,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140170321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Meritxell Gavalda, Maria Isabel Fullana, Adrià Ferre, Rebecca Rowena Peña, Julen Armendariz, Orla Torrallardona, Aina Magraner, Alejandro Lorenzo, Carles García, Gemma Mut, Lluís Planas, Carla Iglesias, Pablo Fraile-Ribot, Maria Dolores Macia Romero, Melchor Riera, Mercedes García-Gasalla
Introduction. Community-acquired pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality and hospital admissions. The aetiology remains unknown in 30–65% of the cases. Molecular tests are available for multiple pathogen detection and are under research to improve the causal diagnosis. Methods. We carried out a prospective study to describe the clinical characteristics and aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess the diagnostic effectivity of the microbiological tests, including a molecular test of respiratory pathogens (FilmArray™ bioMérieux). Results. From the 1st of February 2021 until the 31st of March 2022, 225 patients were included. Failure in microorganism identification occurred in approximately 70% of patients. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common isolate. There were 5 cases of viral pneumonia. The tested FilmArray exhibited a low positivity rate of 7% and mainly aided in the diagnosis of viral coinfections. Conclusions. Despite our extensive diagnostic protocol, there is still a low rate of microorganism identification. We have observed a reduction in influenza and other viral pneumoniae during the COVID-19 pandemic. Having a high NEWS2 score on arrival at the emergency department, an active oncohematological disease or chronic neurological conditions and a positive microbiological test result were related to worse outcomes. Further research is needed to determine the role of molecular tests in the microbiological diagnosis of pneumonia.
{"title":"Clinical Characteristics and Microorganisms Isolated in Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the COVID-19 Period","authors":"Meritxell Gavalda, Maria Isabel Fullana, Adrià Ferre, Rebecca Rowena Peña, Julen Armendariz, Orla Torrallardona, Aina Magraner, Alejandro Lorenzo, Carles García, Gemma Mut, Lluís Planas, Carla Iglesias, Pablo Fraile-Ribot, Maria Dolores Macia Romero, Melchor Riera, Mercedes García-Gasalla","doi":"10.1155/2024/5948747","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5948747","url":null,"abstract":"<i>Introduction</i>. Community-acquired pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality and hospital admissions. The aetiology remains unknown in 30–65% of the cases. Molecular tests are available for multiple pathogen detection and are under research to improve the causal diagnosis. <i>Methods</i>. We carried out a prospective study to describe the clinical characteristics and aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic and to assess the diagnostic effectivity of the microbiological tests, including a molecular test of respiratory pathogens (FilmArray™ bioMérieux). <i>Results</i>. From the 1st of February 2021 until the 31st of March 2022, 225 patients were included. Failure in microorganism identification occurred in approximately 70% of patients. <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> was the most common isolate. There were 5 cases of viral pneumonia. The tested FilmArray exhibited a low positivity rate of 7% and mainly aided in the diagnosis of viral coinfections. <i>Conclusions</i>. Despite our extensive diagnostic protocol, there is still a low rate of microorganism identification. We have observed a reduction in <i>influenza</i> and other viral pneumoniae during the COVID-19 pandemic. Having a high NEWS2 score on arrival at the emergency department, an active oncohematological disease or chronic neurological conditions and a positive microbiological test result were related to worse outcomes. Further research is needed to determine the role of molecular tests in the microbiological diagnosis of pneumonia.","PeriodicalId":501415,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140170427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is of particular importance in southern Iran. This study aimed to investigate the infection of rodents with Leishmania major in an urban area of Fars Province, located in southern Iran. Rodents were trapped and samples from the liver, spleen, and skin were collected. Impression smears were prepared from these tissues and any skin lesions and were examined microscopically. In addition, a portion of the samples were preserved for subsequent DNA extraction. A total of 41 rodents belonging to three species were caught from 10 trapping stations in gardens or houses within the area. The caught rodent species were Rattus rattus (n = 25, 60.97%), Mus musculus (n = 15, 36.58%), and Meriones persicus (n = 1, 2.5%). Leishmania amastigotes were seen in the spleen tissue smear of 6 (2.43%) of the rodents, including 4 of R. rattus and 2 of M. musculus. Skin lesions were observed on the muzzles of two R. rattus and one M. musculus. Samples taken from these lesions tested positive for Leishmania infection. Leishmania DNA was detected in 18 (43.9%) rodents, including 11 R. rattus, 6 M. musculus, and one M. persicus, based on DNA sequencing of the ITS2 gene and PCR of the kDNA. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the parasite infecting the rodents was L. major. The detection of Leishmania infection in these rodents in urban areas raises concerns about the urbanization of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. major. This urbanization poses unique challenges for control and prevention efforts.
{"title":"Leishmania major Infection in Synanthropic Rodents: Evidence for the Urbanization of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) in Southern Iran","authors":"Saeed Shahabi, Kourosh Azizi, Qasem Asgari, Bahador Sarkari","doi":"10.1155/2024/4896873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/4896873","url":null,"abstract":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis is of particular importance in southern Iran. This study aimed to investigate the infection of rodents with <i>Leishmania major</i> in an urban area of Fars Province, located in southern Iran. Rodents were trapped and samples from the liver, spleen, and skin were collected. Impression smears were prepared from these tissues and any skin lesions and were examined microscopically. In addition, a portion of the samples were preserved for subsequent DNA extraction. A total of 41 rodents belonging to three species were caught from 10 trapping stations in gardens or houses within the area. The caught rodent species were <i>Rattus rattus</i> (<i>n</i> = 25, 60.97%), <i>Mus musculus</i> (<i>n</i> = 15, 36.58%), and <i>Meriones persicus</i> (<i>n</i> = 1, 2.5%). <i>Leishmania</i> amastigotes were seen in the spleen tissue smear of 6 (2.43%) of the rodents, including 4 of <i>R. rattus</i> and 2 of <i>M. musculus</i>. Skin lesions were observed on the muzzles of two <i>R. rattus</i> and one <i>M. musculus</i>. Samples taken from these lesions tested positive for <i>Leishmania</i> infection. <i>Leishmania</i> DNA was detected in 18 (43.9%) rodents, including 11 <i>R. rattus,</i> 6 <i>M. musculus</i>, and one <i>M. persicus</i>, based on DNA sequencing of the ITS2 gene and PCR of the kDNA. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the parasite infecting the rodents was <i>L. major</i>. The detection of <i>Leishmania</i> infection in these rodents in urban areas raises concerns about the urbanization of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by <i>L. major</i>. This urbanization poses unique challenges for control and prevention efforts.","PeriodicalId":501415,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","volume":"293 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140057620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background. Unreserved use of antibiotics exerted selective pressure on susceptible bacteria, resulting in the survival of resistant strains. Despite this, the relationship between antibiotic resistance (ABR) and antibiotic consumption (ABC) is rarely studied. This systematic review aims to review the relationship between ABC and ABR from 2016 to 2022. Methods. Articles published over 7 years (2016–2022) were searched from December 23 to 31, 2022. The search strategy was developed by using keywords for ABC and ABR. From 3367 articles, 58 eligible articles were included in the final review. Results. The pooled ABC was 948017.9 DPDs and 4108.6 DIDs where over 70% of antibiotics were from the Watch and Reserve category based on the WHO AWaRe classification. The average pooled prevalence of ABR was 38.4%. Enterococcus faecium (59.4%), A. baumannii (52.6%), and P. aeruginosa (48.6%) were the most common antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Cephalosporins (76.8%), penicillin (58.3%), and aminoglycosides (52%) were commonly involved antibiotics in ABR. The positive correlation between ABR and consumption accounted for 311 (81%). The correlation between ABR P. aeruginosa and ABC accounted for 87 (22.7%), followed by 78 (20.3%) and 77 (20.1%) for ABR E. coli and K. pneumoniae with ABCs, respectively. Consumption of carbapenems and fluoroquinolones was most commonly correlated with resistance rates of P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and A. baumannii. Conclusion. There is a positive correlation between ABC and the rate of ABR. The review also revealed a cross-resistance between the consumption of different antibiotics and ABR. Optimizing antibiotic therapy and reducing unnecessary ABC will prevent the emergence and spread of ABR. Thus, advocating the implementation of stewardship programs plays a pivotal role in containing ABR.
背景。毫无保留地使用抗生素会对易感细菌产生选择性压力，导致耐药菌株的存活。尽管如此，抗生素耐药性（ABR）与抗生素消耗量（ABC）之间的关系却鲜有研究。本系统综述旨在回顾 2016 年至 2022 年 ABC 与 ABR 之间的关系。方法。检索时间为 2022 年 12 月 23 日至 31 日，共检索了 7 年内（2016-2022 年）发表的文章。通过使用 ABC 和 ABR 的关键词制定了检索策略。从 3367 篇文章中筛选出 58 篇符合条件的文章纳入最终审查。结果。根据世界卫生组织的 AWaRe 分类，汇总的 ABC 为 948017.9 DPDs 和 4108.6 DIDs，其中超过 70% 的抗生素属于观察和储备类别。ABR 的平均集中流行率为 38.4%。粪肠球菌（59.4%）、鲍曼不动杆菌（52.6%）和铜绿假单胞菌（48.6%）是最常见的耐抗生素细菌。头孢菌素类（76.8%）、青霉素类（58.3%）和氨基糖苷类（52%）是 ABR 常见的抗生素。ABR 与消耗量呈正相关的抗生素有 311 种（81%）。ABR 铜绿假单胞菌与 ABC 之间的相关性占 87（22.7%），其次是 ABR 大肠杆菌与 ABC 之间的相关性占 78（20.3%），肺炎双球菌与 ABC 之间的相关性占 77（20.1%）。使用碳青霉烯类和氟喹诺酮类药物与铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎双球菌、大肠埃希菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率最为相关。结论ABC 与 ABR 率之间存在正相关。综述还显示，使用不同抗生素与 ABR 之间存在交叉耐药性。优化抗生素治疗和减少不必要的 ABC 可防止 ABR 的出现和传播。因此，倡导实施管理计划在遏制 ABR 方面发挥着关键作用。
{"title":"Relationship between Antibiotic Consumption and Resistance: A Systematic Review","authors":"Asrat Agalu Abejew, Gizachew Yismaw Wubetu, Teferi Gedif Fenta","doi":"10.1155/2024/9958678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/9958678","url":null,"abstract":"<i>Background</i>. Unreserved use of antibiotics exerted selective pressure on susceptible bacteria, resulting in the survival of resistant strains. Despite this, the relationship between antibiotic resistance (ABR) and antibiotic consumption (ABC) is rarely studied. This systematic review aims to review the relationship between ABC and ABR from 2016 to 2022. <i>Methods</i>. Articles published over 7 years (2016–2022) were searched from December 23 to 31, 2022. The search strategy was developed by using keywords for ABC and ABR. From 3367 articles, 58 eligible articles were included in the final review. <i>Results</i>. The pooled ABC was 948017.9 DPDs and 4108.6 DIDs where over 70% of antibiotics were from the Watch and Reserve category based on the WHO AWaRe classification. The average pooled prevalence of ABR was 38.4%. <i>Enterococcus faecium</i> (59.4%), <i>A. baumannii</i> (52.6%), and <i>P. aeruginosa</i> (48.6%) were the most common antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Cephalosporins (76.8%), penicillin (58.3%), and aminoglycosides (52%) were commonly involved antibiotics in ABR. The positive correlation between ABR and consumption accounted for 311 (81%). The correlation between ABR <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and ABC accounted for 87 (22.7%), followed by 78 (20.3%) and 77 (20.1%) for ABR <i>E. coli</i> and <i>K. pneumoniae</i> with ABCs, respectively. Consumption of carbapenems and fluoroquinolones was most commonly correlated with resistance rates of <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, <i>E. coli</i>, and <i>A. baumannii</i>. <i>Conclusion</i>. There is a positive correlation between ABC and the rate of ABR. The review also revealed a cross-resistance between the consumption of different antibiotics and ABR. Optimizing antibiotic therapy and reducing unnecessary ABC will prevent the emergence and spread of ABR. Thus, advocating the implementation of stewardship programs plays a pivotal role in containing ABR.","PeriodicalId":501415,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140034821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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