土耳其人道主义领域的内部/形式空间:影响难民妇女的空间和话语实践

T. Erman, Aminath Nisha Zadhy-Çepoğlu
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摘要

本文借鉴批判性女权主义理论,以城市难民为案例,介入有关人道主义援助组织的辩论,以强调在日益影响援助分配的相互联系中,形式/正式做法无处不在。通过对土耳其安卡拉三个层面--国家、地区和社区--的人道主义行为进行研究,文章推进了关于正式性和非正式性如何交织在一起的理论讨论,因为空间技术和话语实践在实践中被用来证明正式性/非正式性的合理性。我们认为,随着当地援助发放者在一个有争议的过程中寻求合法性,以抵消其不受监管的形象,这种空间和话语干预已经常态化。通过以城市难民妇女的经历及其参与人道主义实践的形式/内容为中心,我们揭示了这些干预措施在三个层面的人道主义行为中的性别内涵:(1)在国家层面上,疏离的家长制造成难民妇女的疏离;(2)在地区层面上,伊斯兰慈善文化促使受害者的性别化表演;(3)在邻里层面上,与伊斯兰教相关的男性救世主的父权意识形态约束难民妇女并导致其(性)剥削。在此过程中,我们对 "在/形式 "的空间和话语模式提出了质疑,这些模式产生了深刻的性别不稳定性,以多种方式造成了难民妇女的从属地位。作为当代难民条件的一部分,"在/形式 "如何与性别相互作用,以及如何通过实地空间技术和话语获得合法性,这些问题引起了我们的关注,从而有助于我们更深入地了解人道主义领域。
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Spaces of in/formality in the Turkish humanitarian field: Spatial and discursive practices impacting refugee women
Drawing upon critical feminist theorising, this article intervenes in the debates about humanitarian aid organisations in the case of urban refugees to highlight the ubiquity of in/formal practices in their interlinkedness that increasingly shape aid distribution. By examining humanitarian enactments at three levels –the national, the district and the neighbourhood– in the case of Ankara, Turkey, the article advances theoretical discussions about how formality and informality are intertwined as spatial techniques and discursive practices are deployed justifying in/formality in practice. We argue that such spatial and discursive interventions have become normalised as local aid distributors seek legitimacy in a contested process to counteract their image as unregulated. By centring the experiences of urban refugee women and their engagement with in/formal humanitarian practices, we expose the gendered connotations underpinning these interventions at the three levels of humanitarian enactments as (1) detached paternalism at the national level creating refugee women’s alienation, (2) a culture of Islamic charity at the district level prompting gendered performances of victimhood and (3) patriarchal ideology of male saviours linked to Islam at the neighbourhood level disciplining refugee women and leading to their (sexual) exploitation. In doing so, we problematise spatial and discursive modalities of in/formality, which produce profoundly gendered precarities, causing refugee women’s subordination in multiple ways. Bringing attention to how in/formality− as a part of contemporary conditions of refugeehood− interacts with gender, and how legitimacy is attained through on-the-ground spatial techniques coupled with discourses, we contribute to a more sophisticated understanding of the humanitarian field.
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