新自由主义之后:多重危机中的经济理论与政策1

Michael Jacobs
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摘要

自 2008 年以来,主流经济理论和政策在应对多重经济危机--全球金融崩溃、紧缩政策、生产力停滞、工资停滞、不平等加剧、通货膨胀、气候和环境破坏--方面举步维艰(有时甚至雪上加霜)。这种失败的根源在于支撑新古典经济理论的 "本体论个人主义":认为单个家庭和企业是主权行为体。它提出了 "本体论制度主义 "的前提,即经济行为主要受其所处的制度结构和规则的影响。这种观点在其他社会科学中司空见惯,但它从根本上改变了经济分析和政策制定。基于对政策目标的明确伦理定义,文章提出了一种 "制度多元化 "观点,为经济生活的五个不同领域提出了不同类型的制度。文章认为,经济政策应被视为一种制度设计过程(而不仅仅是提高市场效率),并在从气候变化到商业投资等关键领域提出了一些说明性政策建议。
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After Neoliberalism: Economic Theory and Policy in the Polycrisis1
Mainstream economic theory and policy have struggled to address (and in some cases have made worse) the multiple economic crises since 2008—global financial crash, austerity, stalled productivity, wage stagnation, rising inequality, inflation, climate and environmental breakdown. At the root of this failure is the ‘ontological individualism’ which underpins neoclassical economic theory: the belief that individual households and firms are sovereign actors. It proposes in its place a premise of ‘ontological institutionism’—the view that economic behaviour is primarily influenced by the institutional structures and rules within which it occurs. Commonplace in other social sciences, this view radically changes economic analysis and policy prescription. Based on an explicit ethical definition of policy objectives, the article offers an ‘institutionally pluralist’ view proposing different kinds of institutions for five different spheres of economic life. Arguing that economic policy should be seen as a process of institutional design (not simply making markets more efficient), it offers some illustrative policy proposals in key fields, from climate change to business investment.
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