水资源管理与安全中的优化模型:批判性评论

G. Sinha, A. Purwar
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摘要

本文回顾了水资源管理与安全方面的优化模型。文章以四个基本支柱为基础:(a) 了解过去几十年来研究人员在水资源管理中采用的关键优化技术的数量,(b) 列举这些技术,既包括其简要的数学结构,也包括其在水资源管理中的代表性应用,以符合水资源安全的四个视角之一,即福利、公平、可持续性和风险。(c) 评估与这些基于方程的传统优化技术相关的主要挑战,包括对基于梯度的局部优化和非梯度的全局优化之间区别的敏锐描述,以及最后,(d) 评估基于模拟的自下而上建模方案(特别是进化算法)对环境的适应性。综述强调,传统方程模型的本体是社会行为的综合体现,因此在模拟复杂的水资源时,无法捕捉到与生态和水文系统并列的个体行为。相反,运筹学领域在应对水资源这种稀缺自然资源所引发的社会问题时,采用自下而上的优化方案更为合适,因为这种方案可以将这种社会解释纳入基于本地价值观的建模框架中。
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Optimization Models in Water Resources Management and Security: A Critical Review
This paper reviews optimization models in the context of water resources management and security. The article is instituted on four fundamental pillars: (a) an understanding of the quantum of key optimization techniques adopted by the researchers over the past few decades in managing water resources, (b) an enumeration of these techniques, both in terms of their brief mathematical structures and with reference to their representative applications in managing water resources so as to conform to one of the four perspectives of water security, viz. welfare, equity, sustainability, and risk, (c) an evaluation of major challenges associated with these conventional equation-based optimization techniques, including the perceptive account of the distinction between the gradient-based local optimization and non-gradient global optimization, and finally, (d) an assessment of context-sensitive appropriateness of simulation-based bottom-up modeling schemes, with special reference to evolutionary algorithms. The review emphasizes that the ontology of conventional equation-based models lies in an aggregate manifestation of social behavior and, as a result, it fails to capture individuals’ behaviors juxtaposed with ecological and hydrological systems while modeling complex water resources. On the contrary, the expediency of the domain of operational research in responding to societal problems ensuing from a scarce natural resource like water lies in bottom-up optimization schemes, which are more obliging in the sense that they can incarcerate such social explanations in the modeling frame based on local values.
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