Bringing Public Virtue Back: How Does Ethical Leadership Impact Street-Level Bureaucrats’ Enforcement Style?

Public virtues can help street-level bureaucracies reflect and respond to the shortcomings in current public administration. According to the public virtue approach, this research identifies the key role of ethical leadership in improving the enforcement of street-level bureaucrats (SLBs). By promoting subordinates’ psychological empowerment, ethical leadership is significantly and positively correlated with facilitation, accommodation, and legal style. Public service motivation and organizational citizenship behavior moderate the above processes in diverse ways. This research calls for bringing public virtue back to street-level practices, and particularly for educating and encouraging the public sector about ethical leadership that will provide values, guidance, and empower SLBs to exercise virtue.