波浪、模式和分叉:脊椎动物分节钟教程回顾

Paul François, Victoria Mochulska
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引用次数: 0

摘要

椎体的正常形成依赖于一种被称为 "分节钟 "的全组织振荡器。瘤前中胚层中的单个细胞振荡器受细胞间耦合和外部信号的调节,导致基因表达振荡波的传播,最终稳定为基因表达的静态模式。在此,我们回顾了 40 年来有关这一过程的生物物理模型,包括库克和齐曼首创的时钟和波前模型,以及明哈特的反应-扩散模型。我们讨论了现代描述如何追随分子描述和过程可视化的进步,回顾了相模型、延迟模型、系统级模型以及几何模型。我们将模型与胚胎发育的高层次方面联系起来,从胚胎缩放到波传播,直至重建干细胞系统。我们对经典模型和最新模型进行了新的分析计算并提出了新的见解,从而提出了按照两个主要分化波来组织体细胞发生的几何描述。
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Waves, patterns and bifurcations: a tutorial review on the vertebrate segmentation clock
Proper vertebrae formation relies on a tissue-wide oscillator called the segmentation clock. Individual cellular oscillators in the presomitic mesoderm are modulated by intercellular coupling and external signals, leading to the propagation of oscillatory waves of genetic expression eventually stabilizing into a static pattern of genetic expression. Here, we review 4 decades of biophysical models of this process, starting from the pioneering Clock and Wavefront model by Cooke and Zeeman, and the reaction-diffusion model by Meinhardt. We discuss how modern descriptions followed advances in molecular description and visualization of the process, reviewing phase models, delayed models, systems-level, and finally geometric models. We connect models to high-level aspects of embryonic development from embryonic scaling to wave propagation, up to reconstructed stem cell systems. We provide new analytical calculations and insights into classical and recent models, leading us to propose a geometric description of somitogenesis organized along two primary waves of differentiation.
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