An Energy-Efficient FD-fNIRS Readout Circuit Employing a Mixer-First Analog Frontend and a $\Sigma$-$\Delta$ Phase-to-Digital Converter

This paper presents a low-power frequency-domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (FD-fNIRS) readout circuit for the absolute value measurement of tissue optical characteristics. The paper proposes a mixer-first analog front-end (AFE) structure and a 1-bit $\Sigma$ - $\Delta$ phase-to-digital converter (PDC) to reduce the required circuit bandwidth and the laser modulation frequency, thereby saving power while maintaining high resolution. The proposed chip achieves sub-0.01 ${}^{\circ}$ phase resolution and consumes 6.8 mW of power. Nine optical solid phantoms are produced to evaluate the chip. Compared to a self-built high-precision measurement platform that combines a network analyzer with an avalanche photodiode (APD) module, the maximum measuring errors of the absorption coefficient and reduced scattering coefficient are 10.6% and 12.3%, respectively.